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PAPER 59

À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ½Ã´ë


 THE MARINE-LIFE ERA ON URANTIA

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¿ì¸®´Â À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ 10¾ï ³â ÀüºÎÅÍ °è»êÇϸç, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÁÖ¿ä 5´Ü°èÀÇ ½Ã´ë·Î ±¸ºÐ ÇÑ´Ù:

WE RECKON the history of Urantia as beginning about one billion years ago and extending through five major eras:

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1. Àü(îñ)-»ý¸íü±â´Â Áö±¸°¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ Å©±â¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ¶§·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý¸íÀÌ Åµ¿µÇ±â Á÷Àü±îÁö ¾à 4¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ù ¹øÂ° ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. Áö±¸¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ±â°£À» ½Ã»ý´ë(ã·ßæÓÛ)¶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.

1. The prelife era extends over the initial four hundred and fifty million years, from about the time the planet attained its present size to the time of life establishment. Your students have designated this period as the Archeozoic.

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2. »ý¸í ŵ¿±â´Â ±× ´ÙÀ½ºÎÅÍ 1¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³âÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë´Â ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Àü(îñ)»ý¸íü±â ȤÀº °Ýº¯±â¿Í, µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °íµµ·Î ¹ß´ÞµÈ ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ±â°£ »çÀÌ¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿ø»ý´ë(ê«ßæÓÛ)¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

2. The life-dawn era extends over the next one hundred and fifty million years. This epoch intervenes between the preceding prelife or cataclysmic age and the following period of more highly developed marine life. This era is known to your researchers as the Proterozoic.

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3. ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸íü±â´Â ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ 2¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ¸ç, ³ÊÈñµéÀº ÀÌ ±â°£À» °í»ý´ë(Í¯ßæÓÛ)¶ó°í ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.

3. The marine-life era covers the next two hundred and fifty million years and is best known to you as the Paleozoic.

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4. Ãʱâ À°Áö-»ý¸íü±â´Â ±× ´ÙÀ½ 1¾ï ³âÀÇ ±â°£À̸ç Áß»ý´ë(ñéßæÓÛ)·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

4. The early land-life era extends over the next one hundred million years and is known as the Mesozoic.

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5. Æ÷À¯·ù±â´Â ¸¶Áö¸· 5õ¸¸³â¿¡ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ½Å»ý´ë(ãæßæÓÛ)¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

5. The mammalian era occupies the last fifty million years. This recent-times era is known as the Cenozoic.

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À§¿¡¼­ º¸µíÀÌ ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ½Ã´ë´Â Áö±¸ ¿ª»çÀÇ ¾à 4ºÐÀÇ 1À» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ ±ä ±â°£µé·Î ³ª´· ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ ±× ±â°£µéÀº ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ºÐ¾ß¿Í »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±Ç¿ª ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ±¸ºÐµÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â Ư¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

The marine-life era thus covers about one quarter of your planetary history. It may be subdivided into six long periods, each characterized by certain well-defined developments in both the geologic realms and the biologic domains.

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ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¶§, ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú°ú ±¤´ëÇÑ ´ë·úºØµé ±×¸®°í ÇØº¯ °¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ºÐÁöµéÀº dzºÎÇÑ ½Ä¹°µé·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º¸´Ù ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ µ¿¹° »ý¸íµéÀÌ, ¼±ÇàµÈ ½Ä¹°¼º À¯±âüµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, Ãʱ⠵¿¹° À¯±âüµéÀº ¸¹Àº ³»·ú ¹Ù´ÙµéÀÌ ¿ø½Ã ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Âû ¶§±îÁö ¿©·¯ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÇ ±¤´ëÇÑ ÇØ¾È¼±À» µû¶ó¼­ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ® ³ª°¬´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ À¯±âüµéÀº ²®ÁúÀÌ °ÅÀÇ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, È­¼®À¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ ±â°£Àº À̾îÁö´Â ½Ã´ëµé µ¿¾È ¸Å¿ì Áú¼­Á¤¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Á¶¼ºµÈ »ý¸í-±â·ÏÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â ±× ¾öû³­ ¡°¾Ï¼® ¿ª»çÃ¥¡±ÀÇ ¼­µÎ¸¦ Àå½ÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

As this era begins, the sea bottoms, the extensive continental shelves, and the numerous shallow near-shore basins are covered with prolific vegetation. The more simple and primitive forms of animal life have already developed from preceding vegetable organisms, and the early animal organisms have gradually made their way along the extensive coast lines of the various land masses until the many inland seas are teeming with primitive marine life. Since so few of these early organisms had shells, not many have been preserved as fossils. Nevertheless the stage is set for the opening chapters of that great "stone book" of the life-record preservation which was so methodically laid down during the succeeding ages.

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ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú¿¡´Â ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸íü±â ÀüüÀÇ È­¼®µéÀÌ ¾öû³ª°Ô ¸¹ÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÁöÃþµéÀº Áö±¸ ¼ºÀåÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µÎ ´Ü°è¸¦ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ±¸ºÐ½ÃÄÑ Áִ ħ½ÄÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ±¤´ëÇÑ ÅðÀûÃþµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±â°£ ±×¸®°í µÚ¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â ±â°£°ú ±¸º°µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The continent of North America is wonderfully rich in the fossil-bearing deposits of the entire marine-life era. The very first and oldest layers are separated from the later strata of the preceding period by extensive erosion deposits which clearly segregate these two stages of planetary development.


1. ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù ¼ÓÀÇ Ãʱâ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í
»ï¿±Ãæ ½Ã´ë
 


   1. EARLY MARINE LIFE IN THE SHALLOW SEAS
THE TRILOBITE AGE 

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ºñ±³Àû °í¿äÇÑ ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ Áö±¸ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¹«·Æ¿¡, »ý¸íÀº ÇØ¾çÀÇ ÇØ¾È¼±°ú ¿©·¯ ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ùµé¿¡¸¸ ÇÑÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; À°»ó À¯±âüÀÇ ÇüÅ´ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÁøÈ­µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ø½Ã ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ŵ¿µÇ¾ú°í ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ ÁøÈ­°¡ ÀϾ Áغñ°¡ °®Ãß¾îÁ³´Ù. ¾Æ¸Þ¹Ù´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱ⠴ܰèÀÇ µ¿¹° »ý¸íÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¿¹À̸ç, ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º¯È¯±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»¾ú´Ù.

By the dawn of this period of relative quiet on the earth's surface, life is confined to the various inland seas and the oceanic shore line; as yet no form of land organism has evolved. Primitive marine animals are well established and are prepared for the next evolutionary development. Ameba are typical survivors of this initial stage of animal life, having made their appearance toward the close of the preceding transition period.

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400,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ½Ä¹°¼º°ú µ¿¹°¼ºÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÌ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ñ°í·ç ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö±¸ÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ¾à°£¾¿ ´õ¿öÁ³°í ´õ¿í ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óŰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ ´ë·úµé ƯÈ÷ ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀÇ ÇØ¾È¼± Àü¿ªÀÌ Ä§¼öµÇ¾ú´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÇØ¾çµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, Àü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ħ¼ö Áö¿ªÀÌ ´õ¿í È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.

400,000,000 years ago marine life, both vegetable and animal, is fairly well distributed over the whole world. The world climate grows slightly warmer and becomes more equable. There is a general inundation of the seashores of the various continents, particularly of North and South America. New oceans appear, and the older bodies of water are greatly enlarged.

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ÀÌ ¶§ ½Ä¹°·ù°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¶¥ À§·Î »ó·úÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÇØ¾çÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÔ¿¡ À־ °ð °ý¸ñÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.

Vegetation now for the first time crawls out upon the land and soon makes considerable progress in adaptation to a nonmarine habitat.

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°©Àڱ⠱׸®°í ´Ü°èÀûÀÎ Á¾ÀÚ º¯È¯ ¾øÀÌ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ï¿±ÃæÀÌ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ µÚµ¤°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§ ÀÌ ±â°£Àº »ï¿±Ãæ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù.

Suddenly and without gradation ancestry the first multicellular animals make their appearance. The trilobites have evolved, and for ages they dominate the seas. From the standpoint of marine life this is the trilobite age.

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ÀÌ ±â°£ ÈĹݱ⿡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. Áö±¸ÀÇ Áö°¢Àº ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¿©·¯ »êµé ȤÀº ºñ±³Àû °íÁö´ëÀÇ ¶¥µéÀÌ, ¼­ºÎ Àεµ Áö¿ª°ú ³²ºÎ À¯·´¿¡¼­ ´ë¼­¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ¿¬¾ÈÀ» µû¶ó À¶±âÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ä«¸®ºê Áö¿ª Àüü°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.

In the later portion of this time segment much of North America and Europe emerged from the sea. The crust of the earth was temporarily stabilized; mountains, or rather high elevations of land, rose along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, over the West Indies, and in southern Europe. The entire Caribbean region was highly elevated.

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390,000,000³â Àü¿¡µµ, ¶¥Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¶±âµÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¿ºÎ¿Í ¼­ºÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ±×¸®°í ¼­ºÎ À¯·´ Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­´Â, ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÅðÀûµÈ ¾Ï¼®ÃþµéÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ï¿±Ãæ È­¼®ÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Â °í´ëÀÇ ¾Ï¼®µéµµ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°÷¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô È­¼®ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀû¾Ïµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µé ¾ÈÂÊÀ¸·Î ¼Õ°¡¶ô ¸ð¾çÀÇ ±ä ¸¸(ؽ)µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

390,000,000 years ago the land was still elevated. Over parts of eastern and western America and western Europe may be found the stone strata laid down during these times, and these are the oldest rocks which contain trilobite fossils. There were many long fingerlike gulfs projecting into the land masses in which were deposited these fossil-bearing rocks.

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¼ö¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ Áö³­ ÈÄ¿¡ ÅÂÆò¾çÀÌ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀ» ħ¹üÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× Áö¿ªÀÇ Ä§°­Àº, Èı⿡ ÀϾ ´ë·úÀÇ ºÐ¸® ȤÀº ´ë·úÀÇ À¯µ¿ Çö»óÀÌ ¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ÁÖ·Î ÁöÇ¥¸é Á¶Àý Çö»óÀ¸·Î ±âÀÎµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

Within a few million years the Pacific Ocean began to invade the American continents. The sinking of the land was principally due to crustal adjustment, although the lateral land spread, or continental creep, was also a factor.

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380,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·úÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·úµéÀº ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î À¶±âµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³ª¸é¼­, »õ·Ó°Ô ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³½ ´ë¼­¾çÀÌ, ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ Àü(îï) ÇØ¾È¼±À» ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Ä§½Ä½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±× ¶§ ºÏºÎ ´ë¼­¾ç ȤÀº ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ³²ºÎÀÇ °ÉÇÁ ¹Ù´å¹°°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³²ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¾ÆÆÈ¶óÄ¡¾Æ ÇØ±¸(ú­Ïµ)·Î À¯ÀԵǾúÀ» ¶§, ±× ¹°°áÀÌ »êµéÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ ÆíÀ¸·Î °©Àڱ⠹оî´ÚÃļ­ ¾ËÇÁ½º »ê°ú °ÅÀÇ °°Àº ³ôÀÌ¿¡ À̸£·¶Áö¸¸, ´ë·úµéÀº ´ë°³ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ³·Àº Áö´ë, °ÅÀÇ º¸À߰;ø´Â ±¤°æÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

380,000,000 years ago Asia was subsiding, and all other continents were experiencing a short-lived emergence. But as this epoch progressed, the newly appearing Atlantic Ocean made extensive inroads on all adjacent coast lines. The northern Atlantic or Arctic seas were then connected with the southern Gulf waters. When this southern sea entered the Appalachian trough, its waves broke upon the east against mountains as high as the Alps, but in general the continents were uninteresting lowlands, utterly devoid of scenic beauty.

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ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ħÀüµÈ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³× °¡Áö·Î ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù:

The sedimentary deposits of these ages are of four sorts:

 

1.  

¿ª¾Ï¦¡Çغ¯ °¡¿¡ ÅðÀûµÈ ¹°Áú.

2.

¸ð·¡¦¡¾èÀº ¹°À̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÆÄµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁøÈë ħÀü¹°ÀÌ ¾Ä°Ü ³»·Á°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÅðÀûÃþµé.

3.

ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï¦¡º¸´Ù ÀÜÀÜÇÑ ±íÀº ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÅðÀûÃþ.

4.

¼®È¸¾Ï¦¡±íÀº ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Çü¼ºµÈ »ï¿±Ãæ ²®ÁúÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ÁöÃþ.

1.

Conglomerates -- matter deposited near the shore lines.

2.

Sandstones -- deposits made in shallow water but where the waves were sufficient to prevent mud settling.

3.

Shales -- deposits made in the deeper and more quiet water.

4.

Limestone -- including the deposits of trilobite shells in deep water.

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ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ »ï¿±Ãæ È­¼®Àº ¶Ñ·ÇÀÌ ½Äº°µÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ º¯À̵é°ú ÇÔ²² ¾î¶² ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±ÕÀϼºÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ±â¿øÀû »ý¸í À̽ÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüÇÑ Ãʱ⠵¿¹°µéÀº Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; Àúµé ¼­¹Ý±¸¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍµéÀº À¯¶ó½Ã¾Æ Áý´ÜÀÇ °Íµé, ±×¸®°í ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¶ó½Ã¾Æ Áï ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ-³²±Ø´ë·ú À¯Çü°ú Á¶±Ý ´Þ¶ú´Ù.

The trilobite fossils of these times present certain basic uniformities coupled with certain well-marked variations. The early animals developing from the three original life implantations were characteristic; those appearing in the Western Hemisphere were slightly different from those of the Eurasian group and from the Australasian or Australian-Antarctic type.

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370,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ °ÅÀÇ Àü Áö¿ª¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ Ä§¼öµÇ´Â »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, °ð À̾ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æµµ ¹°¿¡ Àá°å´Ù. ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ Áö¿ªµé¸¸ÀÌ Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù ¼ö¸é À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 500¸¸ ³â ÈÄ¿¡ ¶¥ÀÌ À¶±âµÇ±â Àü¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¸ÕÀú ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù. ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú°í ²¨Áö´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀº ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼­¼­È÷ ÀϾ´Ù.

370,000,000 years ago the great and almost total submergence of North and South America occurred, followed by the sinking of Africa and Australia. Only certain parts of North America remained above these shallow Cambrian seas. Five million years later the seas were retreating before the rising land. And all of these phenomena of land sinking and land rising were undramatic, taking place slowly over millions of years.

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»ï¿±Ãæ È­¼®ÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëÀÇ ÁöÃþÀº Á߾ӾƽþƸ¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ Àüü ´ë·ú ¿©±âÀú±â¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀÌ ÆòÇà »óŸ¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, »êÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¾Ð·Â°ú °ãÃÄÁö´Â Çö»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±â¿ï¾îÁö°í µÚƲ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀº ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÅðÀûÃþÀÇ º»·¡ ¼º°ÝÀ» º¯Çü½ÃÄ×´Ù. »ç¾Ï(ÞãäÜ)Àº ¼®¿µÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú°í, ÀÌÆÇ¾ÏÀº Á¡ÆÇ¾ÏÀ¸·Î º¯È­µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼®È¸¾ÏÀº ´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù.

The trilobite fossil-bearing strata of this epoch outcrop here and there throughout all the continents except in central Asia. In many regions these rocks are horizontal, but in the mountains they are tilted and distorted because of pressure and folding. And such pressure has, in many places, changed the original character of these deposits. Sandstone has been turned into quartz, shale has been changed to slate, while limestone has been converted into marble.

59:1.13

360,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¶¥Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¶±âµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â Àß ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ó ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±íÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É¾Ò´ø, ¿þÀÏÁî Áö¿ªÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¼¶µé°ú ¼­ºÎ À¯·´ Áö¿ªÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ °Å´ëÇÑ ºùÇÏ ÃþÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. À¯·´°ú ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±×¸®°í Áß±¹°ú ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁöÃþ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ÁöÃþµé°ú ¿¬°üµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÁüÀ۵Ǵ ºùÇÏ ÅðÀûÃþÀº, µ¶¸³µÈ »êÀÇ ºùÇÏ ÃþÀ¸·Î ±âÀεǾú°Å³ª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÈ ºùÇÏ Á¶°¢µéÀÇ À̵¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ý±ä °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ´ë·ú¼ºÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇØ¾ç¼º ±âÈÄ¿´´Ù. ³²ºÎÀÇ ¹Ù´ÙµéÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿Âµµº¸´Ù ³ô¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Áö¿ªÀ» °ÅÃÄ ¾ç±Ø Áö¹æÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ®°¬´Ù. °ÉÇÁ Á¶·ù°¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Áß½ÉÁö¿ªÀ» Áö³ª, µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±Á¾îÁ®¼­ ±×¸°¶õµå ÇØ¾ÈÀÌ ¹°¿¡ Àá±â°Ô ÇÏ°í ¿Âµµ¸¦ °¡¿­½ÃÄѼ­, ÇöÀç´Â ¾óÀ½À¸·Î µ¤¿© ÀÖ´Â ±× ´ë·úÀ» ¿­´ë¼º ±âÈÄÀÎ Á¤¸»·Î ÇϳªÀÇ ³«¿øÃµ±¹Ã³·³ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

360,000,000 years ago the land was still rising. North and South America were well up. Western Europe and the British Isles were emerging, except parts of Wales, which were deeply submerged. There were no great ice sheets during these ages. The supposed glacial deposits appearing in connection with these strata in Europe, Africa, China, and Australia are due to isolated mountain glaciers or to the displacement of glacial debris of later origin. The world climate was oceanic, not continental. The southern seas were warmer then than now, and they extended northward over North America up to the polar regions. The Gulf Stream coursed over the central portion of North America, being deflected eastward to bathe and warm the shores of Greenland, making that now ice-mantled continent a veritable tropic Paradise.

59:1.14

±× ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÇØÃÊ, ´ÜÀÏ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ À¯±âü, ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ½ºÆÝÁö, »ï¿±Ãæµé, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °©°¢·ùÀÇ »õ¿ì¿Í °Ô ±×¸®°í °¡Àç µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡, 3,000 °¡Áö¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ÏÁ··ù(èÓðë×¾)µéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±× Áß¿¡¼­ 200°¡Áö Á¤µµ¸¸ÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿¹°µéÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö º¯ÇüµÇÁö ¾Ê°í »ì¾Æ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãʱ⠻ý¸íÀÇ Ç¥º»ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The marine life was much alike the world over and consisted of the seaweeds, one-celled organisms, simple sponges, trilobites, and other crustaceans -- shrimps, crabs, and lobsters. Three thousand varieties of brachiopods appeared at the close of this period, only two hundred of which have survived. These animals represent a variety of early life which has come down to the present time practically unchanged.

59:1.15

±×·¯³ª »ï¿±ÃæµéÀÌ °¡Àå ¿ì¼¼ÇÑ »ý¸í âÁ¶Ã¼À̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ¼º(àõ) ±¸ºÐÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¹°À̾ú°í ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÇüŵéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¼ö¿µÀº ÀßÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´°í, ¹°À§¿¡ ¶°¼­ ´À¸®°Ô ¿òÁ÷À̰ųª ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­ ±â¾î ´Ù³æÀ¸¸ç, ³ªÁß¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ õÀûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â ÀÚ¾Æ-¹æ¾î·Î µ¿±×¶þ°Ô ¸»¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº 2ÀÎÄ¡ ³»Áö 1ÇÇÆ® ±æÀ̱îÁö ÀÚ¶úÀ¸¸ç: Ãʽļº, À°½Ä¼º, Àâ½Ä¼º, ±×¸®°í ¡°ÁøÈëÀ» ¸Ô´Â¡± ³× °¡ÁöÀÇ Á¾·ùµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÁÖ·Î ¹«»ý¹°Ã¼¸¦ ¸Ô°í»ì¾Ò´ø ¡°ÁøÈëÀ» ¸Ô´Â¡± Á¾·ùÀÇ ´É·ÂÀº¦¡Á¸Àç °¡´ÉÇß´ø ÃÖÈÄÀÇ ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ µ¿¹°À̸鼭¦¡¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Å©°Ô ¹ø¼ºµÇ°í ¿À·§µ¿¾È »ì¾Æ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù.

But the trilobites were the dominant living creatures. They were sexed animals and existed in many forms; being poor swimmers, they sluggishly floated in the water or crawled along the sea bottoms, curling up in self-protection when attacked by their later appearing enemies. They grew in length from two inches to one foot and developed into four distinct groups: carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, and "mud eaters." The ability of the latter group largely to subsist on inorganic matter -- being the last multicelled animal that could -- explains their great increase and long survival.

59:1.16

³ÊÈñ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±â·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â 5õ¸¸ ³âÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, Áö±¸ ¿ª»çÀÇ ±ä ±â°£ ³¡¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû dz°æÀº ÀÌ»ó(ì¤ß¾)°ú °°¾Ò´Ù.

This was the biogeologic picture of Urantia at the end of that long period of the world's history, embracing fifty million years, designated by your geologists as the Cambrian.


2. Á¦ 1Â÷ ´ë·ú È«¼ö
¹«Ã´Ãß(Ùíô±õÐ) µ¿¹°±â
 


   2. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL FLOOD STAGE
THE INVERTEBRATE-ANIMAL AGE 

59:2.1

ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÎ ÀϽÃÀû ´ë·ú À¶±â¿Í ħ°­ Çö»óÀº ¸ðµÎ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ´«¿¡ ¶çÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÀϾÀ¸¸ç, È­»ê Ȱµ¿Àº °ÅÀÇ µ¿¹ÝµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ´ë·ú À¶±â¿Í ħ°­ÀÇ Àü °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿©, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·úÀÇ ¸ðü°¡ µÇ´Â À°ÁöÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µé°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±× ´ë·úÀº ħ¼ö Çö»óÀ» ¿©·¯ ¹ø °Þ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¶§¸¶´Ù °¡¶ó¾É´Â ¹æÇâÀÌ Æ²·È°í, Ãʱ⿡ ´õ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ÀϾÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·úµé¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â °Í°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ÅðÀû¾Ï Çü¼º ÈçÀûÀº ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î¼­ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·úÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

The periodic phenomena of land elevation and land sinking characteristic of these times were all gradual and nonspectacular, being accompanied by little or no volcanic action. Throughout all of these successive land elevations and depressions the Asiatic mother continent did not fully share the history of the other land bodies. It experienced many inundations, dipping first in one direction and then another, more particularly in its earlier history, but it does not present the uniform rock deposits which may be discovered on the other continents. In recent ages Asia has been the most stable of all the land masses.

59:2.2

350,000,000³â Àü¿¡, Á߾ӾƽþƸ¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ´ë·úµé À§¿¡ ´ë(ÓÞ)È«¼ö±âÀÇ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀÌ º¸¿´´Ù. ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ¿© ¹°·Î µÚµ¤¿´À¸¸ç; ¾è±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ³Ð°Ô ºÐÆ÷µÇ¾î Èçµé°Å¸®´Â ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ù ¼ö¸é À§·Î, ¿¬¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±¸¸ªÁöµé¸¸ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ó ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ Æ¯»öÀº ¼¼ ¹ø¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÁÖ¿ä È«¼öµéÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÌ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úµéÀÌ ´Ù½Ã À¶±âµÇ¾ú°í, Àüü À°Áö´Â ÇöÀç Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íº¸´Ù 15% Á¤µµ ´õ ÄÇ´Ù. Ä«¸®ºê ÇØ Áö¿ªÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. À¯·´¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ Àß ½Äº°µÇÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â È­»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ¹Ý¸é À°ÁöÀÇ À¯µ¿Àº Àû¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

350,000,000 years ago saw the beginning of the great flood period of all the continents except central Asia. The land masses were repeatedly covered with water; only the coastal highlands remained above these shallow but widespread oscillatory inland seas. Three major inundations characterized this period, but before it ended, the continents again arose, the total land emergence being fifteen per cent greater than now exists. The Caribbean region was highly elevated. This period is not well marked off in Europe because the land fluctuations were less, while the volcanic action was more persistent.

59:2.3

340,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ±¤È°ÇÑ À°Áö°¡ ´Ù½Ã °¡¶ó¾É°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼°è Àü¿ªÀÇ ÇØ¾çÀÇ ¹°µéÀÌ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¼¯¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ °Å´ëÇÑ ¼®È¸¾Ï±â°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ¶§ Çü¼ºµÈ ¾Ï¼® ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¼®È¸ ¼ººÐÀ» ºÐºñÇÏ´Â ÇØÃʵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÅðÀûµÇ¾ú´Ù.

340,000,000 years ago there occurred another extensive land sinking except in Asia and Australia. The waters of the world's oceans were generally commingled. This was a great limestone age, much of its stone being laid down by lime-secreting algae.

59:2.4

¼ö¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ È帥 µÚ¿¡ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú°ú À¯·´ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ¹°À§·Î ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼­¹Ý±¸(à¤ÚâϹ)¿¡¼­´Â ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ÇÑ Áö·ù¸¸ÀÌ ÇöÀçÀÇ ·ÏŰ»ê¸Æ°ú ¸ß½ÃÄÚ Áö¿ª¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ´ë¼­¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ¿¬¾ÈÀÌ ´Ù½Ã °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù.

A few million years later large portions of the American continents and Europe began to emerge from the water. In the Western Hemisphere only an arm of the Pacific Ocean remained over Mexico and the present Rocky Mountain regions, but near the close of this epoch the Atlantic and Pacific coasts again began to sink.

59:2.5

330,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¸¹Àº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ´ë·úÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ¹°À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿À¸é¼­, ºñ±³Àû °í¿äÇÑ ½Ã°£´ë°¡ Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¿Â ¼¼»óÀÌ °í¿äÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ ¿¹¿Ü¿´´Âµ¥, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ È­»êÀÌ ÄËÅÍŰ µ¿ºÎ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Æø¹ßÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ´ÜÀÏ È­»ê Ȱµ¿À¸·Î´Â Àü ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« °Íµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù. È­»êÀç°¡ 500 ÀÔ¹æ ¸¶ÀÏ¿¡ À̸£´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ 15³»Áö 20ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²·Î ½×ÀÏ Á¤µµ¿´´Ù.

330,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of a time sector of comparative quiet all over the world, with much land again above water. The only exception to this reign of terrestrial quiet was the eruption of the great North American volcano of eastern Kentucky, one of the greatest single volcanic activities the world has ever known. The ashes of this volcano covered five hundred square miles to a depth of from fifteen to twenty feet.

59:2.6

320,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ÀÌ ±â°£ Áß¿¡ ÀϾ ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä È«¼ö°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áö³­¹ø¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ Àá°å´ø ¶¥µé Àüü¸¦ À̹øÀÇ È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹°·Î ´Ù½Ã µÚµ¤¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ª »ç¹æÀ¸·Î ´õ¿í È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« µ¿ºÎ¿Í ¼­ºÎ À¯·´Àº ¹° ¾Æ·¡·Î 10,000³»Áö 15,000ÇÇÆ® ±íÀÌ·Î Àá°å´Ù.

320,000,000 years ago the third major flood of this period occurred. The waters of this inundation covered all the land submerged by the preceding deluge, while extending farther in many directions all over the Americas and Europe. Eastern North America and western Europe were from 10,000 to 15,000 feet under water.

59:2.7

310,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³²ºÎ(ÑõÝ») Áö¿ªÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ À°ÁöµéÀÌ ´Ù½Ã Àß ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ß½ÃÄÚ°¡ â¹ß µÇ¾ú°í, ±×·Î¼­ °ÉÇÁ ÇØ°¡ âÁ¶µÇ¾î, ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î °è¼Ó ±× Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀº À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù.

310,000,000 years ago the land masses of the world were again well up excepting the southern parts of North America. Mexico emerged, thus creating the Gulf Sea, which has ever since maintained its identity.

59:2.8

ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ »ý¸íÀº °è¼Ó ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿Â ¼¼°è´Â ´Ù½Ã °í¿äÇØÁ³°í ºñ±³Àû Æò¿ÂÇÑ »óÅ¿´À¸¸ç; ±âÈÄ´Â ¿ÂÈ­Çϰí ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; À°Áö½Ä¹°µéÀº ÇØ¾ÈÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸Ö¸® ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ½Ä¹° È­¼®µéÀº °ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, »ý¸í ¿øÇüµéÀÌ Àß °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The life of this period continues to evolve. The world is once again quiet and relatively peaceful; the climate remains mild and equable; the land plants are migrating farther and farther from the seashores. The life patterns are well developed, although few plant fossils of these times are to be found.

59:2.9

½Ä¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿¹°·Î º¯È¯µÇ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´ø °Íó·³ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ º¯È­µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, °³º°ÀûÀÎ µ¿¹° À¯±âü°¡ ÁøÈ­µÇ´Â ¾öû³­ ½Ã±âÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ôÃ߸¦ °¡Áø Á¾·ùº¸´Ù´Â ¿­µîÇÑ °¢Á¾ »ý¸íµéÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È ÅðÀûµÈ ¾Ï¼® ¼Ó¿¡¼­ È­¼®À¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ÁöÁ¡¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹° ±ºÀÌ È®»êµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¿¹°µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇØ¾ç À¯±âüµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇØ¾È¼±À» µû¶ó ¶¥ ¼Ó¿¡ ¼û¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ Áö··ÀÌ Á¾·ùµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ À°»ó µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À°»ó ½Ä¹°µéµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ´ë·ú¿¡ ÆÛÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿´À¸¸ç; °ø±â Áß¿¡´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò°¡ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î À־ ¼ûÀ» ½¬´Â »ý¹°Ã¼µéÀÌ »ý°Ü³¯ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â, º¸´Ù ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç µ¿¹°µéÀº Á÷Á¢ ¶Ç´Â °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ä¹° »ý¸í¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© »ýÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

This was the great age of individual animal organismal evolution, though many of the basic changes, such as the transition from plant to animal, had previously occurred. The marine fauna developed to the point where every type of life below the vertebrate scale was represented in the fossils of those rocks which were laid down during these times. But all of these animals were marine organisms. No land animals had yet appeared except a few types of worms which burrowed along the seashores, nor had the land plants yet overspread the continents; there was still too much carbon dioxide in the air to permit of the existence of air breathers. Primarily, all animals except certain of the more primitive ones are directly or indirectly dependent on plant life for their existence.

59:2.10

»ï¿±ÃæµéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÛÀº µ¿¹°µéÀº ¼ö¸¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °©°¢·ùµéÀÇ ¿øÁ¶¿´´Ù. »ï¿±Ãæµé ÁßÀÇ ÀϺδ 25 ³»Áö 4,000°³ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ±¸¸ÛÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¶Ç ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ¹ßÀ°ÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ´«µéÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ ¸î °¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹«Ã´Ãßµ¿¹°µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ Áö¹èÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰͵éÀº ´ÙÀ½ ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǹ鼭 öÀúÈ÷ »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The trilobites were still prominent. These little animals existed in tens of thousands of patterns and were the predecessors of modern crustaceans. Some of the trilobites had from twenty-five to four thousand tiny eyelets; others had aborted eyes. As this period closed, the trilobites shared domination of the seas with several other forms of invertebrate life. But they utterly perished during the beginning of the next period.

59:2.11

¼®È¸(à´üé)-ºÐºñ Á¶·ù(ðÝ×¾)µéÀÌ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »êÈ£µéÀÇ Ãʱâ Á¶»ó¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼öõ °¡Áö Á¾Á·µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù ¹ú·¹µéÀÌ Ç³¼ºÇÏ¿´°í, ¸êÁ¾µÇ°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇØÆÄ¸®µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »êÈ£µé°ú Èıâ À¯ÇüÀÇ ÇØ¸é(ú­Øú)µéÀÌ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. µÎÁ··ù(Ôéðë×¾)µéÀÌ Àß ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾ú°í, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÁøÁÖ»öÀÇ ¾Þ¹«Á¶°³, ³«Áö, »À¿À¡¾î, ¿À¡¾î µîÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

Lime-secreting algae were widespread. There existed thousands of species of the early ancestors of the corals. Sea worms were abundant, and there were many varieties of jellyfish which have since become extinct. Corals and the later types of sponges evolved. The cephalopods were well developed, and they have survived as the modern pearly nautilus, octopus, cuttlefish, and squid.

59:2.12

¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ÜÇÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ²®ÁúÀº ÈÄ´ëÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ °¡Á³´ø °Íó·³ ¹æ¾î ¸ñÀû¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµ´Â ¸øµÇ¾ú´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´å¹° ¼Ó¿¡´Â ´ÞÆØÀÌ ·ù°¡ »ý°Ü³µÀ¸¸ç, ±×µé Áß¿¡´Â Ȭ°ãÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´ÞÆØÀÌ, °íµî, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ´ÞÆØÀ̵éÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áß°£¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³âÀÇ ±â°£¿¡´Â ±× ´ç½Ã ¸ð½À´ë·Î ½Ö°¢Á¶°³·ù µ¿¹°µéÀÌ »ý°Ü³µÀ¸¸ç, ±ä Á¶°³, ´ëÇÕ, ±¼ ±×¸®°í °¡¸®ºñ µîÀÌ Æ÷¿ËµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÆÇ¸·(÷ûد) ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø À¯±âüµé ¿ª½Ã ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î °¬°í, ÀÌ ¿ÏÁ··ù(èÓðë×¾)µéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¿©´ÝÀÌ ¸ð¾ç, Åé´Ï ¸ð¾ç, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ º¸È£¸·µéÀÌ ¹è¿­µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

There were many varieties of shell animals, but their shells were not then so much needed for defensive purposes as in subsequent ages. The gastropods were present in the waters of the ancient seas, and they included single-shelled drills, periwinkles, and snails. The bivalve gastropods have come on down through the intervening millions of years much as they then existed and embrace the muscles, clams, oysters, and scallops. The valve-shelled organisms also evolved, and these brachiopods lived in those ancient waters much as they exist today; they even had hinged, notched, and other sorts of protective arrangements of their valves.

59:2.13

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ µÎ ¹øÂ° ´ë´Ü¿øÀÌ ¸·À» ³»¸®°Ô µÇ¸ç, ³ÊÈñ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ±â°£À» ¿À¸£µµºñ½º±â·Î ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù.

So ends the evolutionary story of the second great period of marine life, which is known to your geologists as the Ordovician.


3. Á¦ 2Â÷ ´ë È«¼ö
»êÈ£±â-¿ÏÁ··ù±â
 


   3. THE SECOND GREAT FLOOD STAGE
THE CORAL PERIOD -- THE BRACHIOPOD AGE 

59:3.1

300,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úÀÌ ¶Ç ÇÑ ¹ø ¹°¿¡ Àá±â´Â ±ä ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ °è(ͧ) ¹Ù´ÙµéÀÇ ³²ÂÊ ¹æÇâ°ú ºÏÂÊ ¹æÇâÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ À¯·´°ú ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àü¿ª¿¡ ¸¸(ؽ)À» Á¶¼ºÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ´ë·úÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ¸¹ÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±× ÇØ¾È¼±¿¡´Â ÅðÀûÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù¿¡´Â ¼®È¸Áú ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø »ý¸íÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ Á¶°³µéÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´ÚÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁ®¼­ Á¡Â÷ ¸Å¿ì µÎ²¨¿î ¼®È¸¾Ï ÃþÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ³Ð°Ô ºÐÆ÷µÈ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼®È¸¾Ï ÅðÀûÃþÀ̸ç, ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â À¯·´°ú ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àü¿ªÀ» µÚµ¤¾úÁö¸¸ ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Â °÷Àº ¸Å¿ì µå¹°´Ù. °í´ë¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â Æò±ÕÀûÀ¸·Î ¾à 1,000ÇÇÆ®¿¡ À̸£Áö¸¸, ÀÌ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±â¿ï¾îÁü, ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸§, ±×¸®°í ´ÜÃþ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Å©°Ô º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú°í, ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀº ¼öÁ¤, ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï, ´ë¸®¼® µîÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

300,000,000 years ago another great period of land submergence began. The southward and northward encroachment of the ancient Silurian seas made ready to engulf most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about the shore lines. The seas teemed with lime-shelled life, and the falling of these shells to the sea bottom gradually built up very thick layers of limestone. This is the first widespread limestone deposit, and it covers practically all of Europe and North America but only appears at the earth's surface in a few places. The thickness of this ancient rock layer averages about one thousand feet, but many of these deposits have since been greatly deformed by tilting, upheavals, and faulting, and many have been changed to quartz, shale, and marble.

59:3.2

ºÒŸ´Â ¹ÙÀ§µé°ú ¿ë¾ÏÀº ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ ¾Ï¼®Ãþµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, Å« È­»êÀÌ Æø¹ßÇÏ¿´´ø ³²ºÎ À¯·´°ú µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¸ÞÀÎ ±×¸®°í ¿ë¾ÏÀÌ Èê·¯³»¸° Äùº¤ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¿¡¼­¸¸ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. È­»ê Ȱµ¿Àº °ÅÀÇ Áö³ª°£ »óÅ¿´´Ù. ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅðÀûÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÃÖ°íÁ¡¿¡ ´ÞÇØ ÀÖ¾ú°í »êÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â Çö»óÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

No fire rocks or lava are found in the stone layers of this period except those of the great volcanoes of southern Europe and eastern Maine and the lava flows of Quebec. Volcanic action was largely past. This was the height of great water deposition; there was little or no mountain building.

59:3.3

290,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´ë·úÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹°·¯³µ°í, ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ÇØ¾çµéÀÇ ¹Ù´ÚÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ë·ú µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº ´Ù½Ã ħ°­µÉ ¶§±îÁö °ÅÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ë·úµé¸¶´Ù ÃʱâÀÇ »êµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö±¸ÀÇ Áö°¢ º¯µ¿ Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« °ÍÀº ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â È÷¸»¶ó¾ß »ê¸Æ°ú, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ½ºÇÇÂê¹ö°ÕÀ¸·Î À̾îÁö´Â Ä®·¹µµ´Ï¾È »ê¸ÆÀ̾ú´Ù.

290,000,000 years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from the continents, and the bottoms of the surrounding oceans were sinking. The land masses were little changed until they were again submerged. The early mountain movements of all the continents were beginning, and the greatest of these crustal upheavals were the Himalayas of Asia and the great Caledonian Mountains, extending from Ireland through Scotland and on to Spitzbergen.

59:3.4

õ¿¬ °¡½º, ¼®À¯, ¾Æ¿¬, ±×¸®°í ³³ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº À̶§¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ÅðÀûÃþ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç, õ¿¬ °¡½º¿Í ¼®À¯´Â ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø À°ÁöÀÇ Ä§¼ö±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ½Ä¹°°ú µ¿¹° ¼ººÐµéÀÌ ¾öû³ª°Ô ÅðÀûµÈ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±¤¹°Áú ÅðÀûÃþÀº ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°Ô È帣´Â ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÅðÀûµÈ °ÍÀÓÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¹ÙÀ§ ¼Ò±ÝÀÇ ÅðÀûÃþµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

It is in the deposits of this age that much of the gas, oil, zinc, and lead are found, the gas and oil being derived from the enormous collections of vegetable and animal matter carried down at the time of the previous land submergence, while the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation of sluggish bodies of water. Many of the rock salt deposits belong to this period.

59:3.5

»ï¿±ÃæµéÀº ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ °¨¼ÒµÇ¾ú°í, º¸´Ù Å« ¿¬Ã¼µ¿¹°µé ȤÀº µÎÁ··ù(Ôéðë×¾)µéÀÌ ÁÖÁ¾À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿¹°µéÀº 15ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ ±æÀ̱îÁö ÀÚ¶úÀ¸¸ç Á÷°æÀº 1ǪƮ¿´°í, ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¿¹°·ùµéÀº °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç ¹Ù´Ù »ý¸íÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù.

The trilobites rapidly declined, and the center of the stage was occupied by the larger mollusks, or cephalopods. These animals grew to be fifteen feet long and one foot in diameter and became masters of the seas. This species of animal appeared suddenly and assumed dominance of sea life.

59:3.6

ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ Å« È­»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ À¯·´ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̹ø¿¡ ÁöÁßÇØ ÇØ±¸(ú­Ïµ) ±×¸®°í Ưº°È÷ ¿µ±¹ ¼¶µé ÁÖº¯¿¡¼­ ÀϾ °Í°ú °°Àº ±¤´ëÇÑ È­»ê Æø¹ßÀº Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ¾ï ³â µ¿¾È ÀϾ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ ºÐÃâÇÏ¿© ¿µ±¹ ¼¶µé Áö¿ªÀ» µ¤¾ú´ø ¿ë¾ÏÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ 25,000ÇÇÆ® µÎ²²ÀÇ º¯ÇüµÈ ¿ë¾Ï°ú ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþµéÀº ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù ÁöÃþ À§·Î ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ³ª°£ °£ÇæÀûÀÎ ¿ë¾Ï ºÐÃâ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú ÅðÀû¾Ï ÃþµéÀÌ ºÐ»êµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. °Ý·ÄÇÑ ÁöÁøµéÀÌ ºÏ À¯·´°ú, ƯÈ÷ ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The great volcanic activity of this age was in the European sector. Not in millions upon millions of years had such violent and extensive volcanic eruptions occurred as now took place around the Mediterranean trough and especially in the neighborhood of the British Isles. This lava flow over the British Isles region today appears as alternate layers of lava and rock 25,000 feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the intermittent lava flows which spread out over a shallow sea bed, thus interspersing the rock deposits, and all of this was subsequently elevated high above the sea. Violent earthquakes took place in northern Europe, notably in Scotland.

59:3.7

ÇØ¾ç¼º ±âÈİ¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈ­Çϰí ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅ·ΠÀ¯ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, µû¶æÇÑ ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÌ ±ØÁö¹æÀÇ ´ë·úµé ÇØ¾ÈÀ» Àû¼Å ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ÏÁ··ù¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í È­¼®µéÀÌ ºÏ±Ø ±ÙóÀÇ ÅðÀûÃþ¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¹Á··ù, ¿ÏÁ··ù, ÇØ¸éü µ¿¹°, ±×¸®°í ¾ÏÃʸ¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â »êÈ£ÃʵéÀÌ °è¼Ó Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The oceanic climate remained mild and uniform, and the warm seas bathed the shores of the polar lands. Brachiopod and other marine-life fossils may be found in these deposits right up to the North Pole. Gastropods, brachiopods, sponges, and reef-making corals continued to increase.

59:3.8

ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª°¥ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â ¹Ù´ÙµéÀÌ ³²ºÎ¿Í ºÏºÎ ÇØ¾çÀÇ ¹°µé°ú ´Ù½Ã ¼¯À̸鼭 µÎ ¹øÂ°·Î ÁøÃ´µÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µÎÁ··ùµéÀÌ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÁÖÁ¾À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿¬ÇÕµÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ý¸íµéÀÌ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß´ÞµÇ°í ºÐÈ­(ÝÂûù)µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The close of this epoch witnesses the second advance of the Silurian seas with another commingling of the waters of the southern and northern oceans. The cephalopods dominate marine life, while associated forms of life progressively develop and differentiate.

59:3.9

280,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úµéÀº µÎ ¹øÂ° ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â ħ¼ö »óÅ·κÎÅÍ °Å´ëÇÏ°Ô ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±× ħ¼ö±â¿¡ ÅðÀûµÈ ¹ÙÀ§ ÃþÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ¼®È¸¾ÏÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ±× ÁöÃþ À§·Î ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ÆøÆ÷°¡ ¶³¾îÁö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀº µ¿ºÎÀÇ »ê¸Æµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ °è°î Áö¿ª±îÁö À̸£°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³²ºÎ Áö¿ªÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¼­ºÎ ÂÊÀ¸·Î´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ºÐÆ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀϺÎÀÇ ÁöÃþµéÀÌ Ä³³ª´Ù, ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÀϺÎ, ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó °èÅëÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â ¾à 600ÇÇÆ®¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ÅðÀûÃþ ¹Ù·Î À§¿¡¼­ ¿ª¾Ï°ú ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï ±×¸®°í ¾Ï¿°(äÜç¤)ÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀÌ ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº 2Â÷ ħÀü¹°µéÀÌ ½×ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ò±ÝÀº ¹ø°¥¾Æ °¡¸é¼­ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ÇâÇØ ¹ú¾îÁ® ÀÖ´ø °Å´ëÇÑ ÃÊÈ£(õ®ûÚ) ¼Ó¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù°¡ Àß·Á³ª°£ ÈÄ¿¡´Â Áõ¹ß Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ¸é¼­ ¿ë¾× ¼Ó¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áú°ú ÇÔ²² ¼Ò±ÝÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ ¾Ï¿° ÃþÀÌ 70ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¸¦ ÀÌ·ç±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.

280,000,000 years ago the continents had largely emerged from the second Silurian inundation. The rock deposits of this submergence are known in North America as Niagara limestone because this is the stratum of rock over which Niagara Falls now flows. This layer of rock extends from the eastern mountains to the Mississippi valley region but not farther west except to the south. Several layers extend over Canada, portions of South America, Australia, and most of Europe, the average thickness of this Niagara series being about six hundred feet. Immediately overlying the Niagara deposit, in many regions may be found a collection of conglomerate, shale, and rock salt. This is the accumulation of secondary subsidences. This salt settled in great lagoons which were alternately opened up to the sea and then cut off so that evaporation occurred with deposition of salt along with other matter held in solution. In some regions these rock salt beds are seventy feet thick.

59:3.10

±âÈÄ´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ°í ¿ÂÈ­ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù´Ù È­¼®µéÀÌ ºÏ±Ø Áö¹æ¿¡µµ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¼Ò±Ý±â°¡ °úµµÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î¼­ »ý¸íÀÌ °ÅÀÇ »ì¾Æ³²Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The climate is even and mild, and marine fossils are laid down in the arctic regions. But by the end of this epoch the seas are so excessively salty that little life survives.

59:3.11

½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ħ¼ö±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°¡¸é¼­, ±ØÇǵ¿¹°(оù«ÔÑÚª)¦¡µ¹ ¹éÇÕ¦¡ÀÌ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¹éÇÕ ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¼®È¸¾Ï ÅðÀûÃþ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Áõ¸íµÈ´Ù. »ï¿±ÃæÀº °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁ³°í, ¿¬Ã¼µ¿¹°ÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ °è¼Ó Áö¹èÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; »êÈ£ÃÊ Çü¼ºÀÌ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾È, º¸´Ù Àû´çÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹°¿¡¼­ »ç´Â Àü°¥·ù µ¿¹°ÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±× Á÷ÈÄ¿¡, ±×¸®°í °©ÀÚ±â, ¼øÁ¾ÀÇ Àü°¥·ù¦¡´ë±â ÁßÀÇ °ø±â·Î ¼ûÀ» ½¬´Â¦¡°¡ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»¾ú´Ù.

Toward the close of the final Silurian submergence there is a great increase in the echinoderms -- the stone lilies -- as is evidenced by the crinoid limestone deposits. The trilobites have nearly disappeared, and the mollusks continue monarchs of the seas; coral-reef formation increases greatly. During this age, in the more favorable locations the primitive water scorpions first evolve. Soon thereafter, and suddenly, the true scorpions -- actual air breathers -- make their appearance.

59:3.12

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, 2,500¸¸³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÈ Á¦ 3Â÷ÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ³ÊÈñ ¿¬±¸¿øµé¿¡°Ô ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

These developments terminate the third marine-life period, covering twenty-five million years and known to your researchers as the Silurian.


4. ´ë·ú À¶±â ´Ü°è
½Ä¹°¼º À°Áö-»ý¸í ±â°£
¾î·ù±â(åà׾Ѣ)
 


   4. THE GREAT LAND-EMERGENCE STAGE
THE VEGETATIVE LAND-LIFE PERIOD
THE AGE OF FISHES
 

59:4.1

¿À·§µ¿¾È¿¡ °ÉÄ£ À°Áö¿Í ¹° »çÀÌÀÇ ÅõÀï ¼Ó¿¡¼­, ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ºñ±³Àû ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ´Â ±â°£ÀÌ ±æ¾úÁö¸¸, À°Áö°¡ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ´Â ½Ã±â°¡ ´«¾Õ¿¡ ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´ë·úÀÇ Ç¥·ù´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸¹ÀÌ ÁøÃ´µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿´°í ±× ¿Ü¿¡µµ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸ðµç ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÌ °¡´À´Ù¶õ ÁöÇù(ò¢úò)µé°ú, ´ë·úÀ» ÀÕ´Â Á¼Àº À°Áö·Î ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµÎ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

In the agelong struggle between land and water, for long periods the sea has been comparatively victorious, but times of land victory are just ahead. And the continental drifts have not proceeded so far but that, at times, practically all of the land of the world is connected by slender isthmuses and narrow land bridges.

59:4.2

½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ħ¼ö »óÅ·κÎÅÍ ´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âµÇÀÚ, ¼¼°è°¡ º¯È­µÇ°í »ý¸íÀÌ ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Áö±¸»ó¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¹ú°Å¹þ°í º¸Àß °Í ¾ø´ø ÀÌÀü(ì¤îñ) ½Ã´ëÀÇ Ç³°æÀÌ ¹«¼ºÇÑ ÃʸñÀ¸·Î ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ¾ú°í, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±¤´ëÇÑ ½£ÀÌ °ð ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

As the land emerges from the last Silurian inundation, an important period in world development and life evolution comes to an end. It is the dawn of a new age on earth. The naked and unattractive landscape of former times is becoming clothed with luxuriant verdure, and the first magnificent forests will soon appear.

59:4.3

ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº ÃʱâÀÇ Á¾Á· ºÐ¸®¿¡ µû¶ó ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç À¯ÇüµéÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¼¯ÀÌ°í ¿¬ÇյǾú´Ù. ¿ÏÁ··ù´Â ÀÏÂïÀÌ ÃÖ°í·Î ¹ø¼ºµÇ´Â ½Ã±â¸¦ ¸Â¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀýÁöµ¿¹°(ï½ò¶ÔÑÚª)µéÀÌ ±× µÚ¸¦ À̾ú°í, ¸¸°¢·ù(ØÀÊÅ×¾)ÀÇ °©°¢µ¿¹°µéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ °¡Àå ¾öû³­ »ç°ÇÀº ¾î·ù(åà×¾)ÀÇ °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ÃâÇöÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¾î·ù ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç´Â µ¿¹°¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ã´Ãßµ¿¹° À¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ÀÌ·é´Ù.

The marine life of this age was very diverse due to the early species segregation, but later on there was free commingling and association of all these different types. The brachiopods early reached their climax, being succeeded by the arthropods, and barnacles made their first appearance. But the greatest event of all was the sudden appearance of the fish family. This became the age of fishes, that period of the world's history characterized by the vertebrate type of animal.

59:4.4

270,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¹°À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô´Ù. ¼ö½Ê¾ï ³â µ¿¾È ±×Åä·Ï Å« À°Áö°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹°À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Â ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç; Àüü Áö±¸ ¿ª»ç °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« À°Áö-À¶±â ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.

270,000,000 years ago the continents were all above water. In millions upon millions of years not so much land had been above water at one time; it was one of the greatest land-emergence epochs in all world history.

59:4.5

5¹é¸¸ ³â ÈÄ¿¡´Â, ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, À¯·´, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ºÏºÎ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ Áö¿ªÀÇ ´ë·úÀÌ Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ¹°¿¡ Àá°å°í, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­´Â Çѵ¿¾ÈÀÇ Ä§¼ö°¡ °ÅÀÇ ³¡³µÀ¸¸ç; ±× °á°ú·Î ¼®È¸¾Ï ÃþÀÌ 500³»Áö 5,000ÇÇÆ® µÎ²²·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¥º»±âÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹Ù´ÙµéÀÌ ¸Å ¹ø ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾î, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ºÏ±ØÀÇ ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ù´Â ºÏÂÊ Ä¶¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÅÂÆò¾ç°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Five million years later the land areas of North and South America, Europe, Africa, northern Asia, and Australia were briefly inundated, in North America the submergence at one time or another being almost complete; and the resulting limestone layers run from 500 to 5,000 feet in thickness. These various Devonian seas extended first in one direction and then in another so that the immense arctic North American inland sea found an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through northern California.

59:4.6

260,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úÀÌ ÇÔ¸ôµÇ´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª°Ô µÉ ¶§, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ÅÂÆò¾ç°ú ´ë¼­¾ç ±×¸®°í ºÏ±ØÇØ¿Í °ÉÇÁÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ¸é¼­ ¹Ù´å¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î Àá°å´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ µ¥º¸´Ï¾Æ±â È«¼öÀÇ ÈĹݱ⠵¿¾È ÅðÀûµÈ ÃþÀÇ Æò±Õ µÎ²²´Â ¾à 1,000ÇÇÆ®¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´ø »êÈ£Ãʸ¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ±× ³»·ú ¹Ù´ÙµéÀÌ ±ú²ýÇÏ°í ¾è¾Ò´ø °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »êÈ£ÃÊ ÅðÀûÃþÀº ·çÀ̽ººô°ú ÄËÅÍŰ ±ÙóÀÇ ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À °­ °­º¯¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾à 100ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²À̰í, 200°¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »êÈ£µéÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »êÈ£ÃÊ Çü¼ºÀº ij³ª´Ù¿Í ºÏºÎ À¯·´À» °ÅÃÄ ºÏ±ØÇØ Áö¿ª±îÁö È®ÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù.

260,000,000 years ago, toward the end of this land-depression epoch, North America was partially overspread by seas having simultaneous connection with the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Gulf waters. The deposits of these later stages of the first Devonian flood average about one thousand feet in thickness. The coral reefs characterizing these times indicate that the inland seas were clear and shallow. Such coral deposits are exposed in the banks of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky, and are about one hundred feet thick, embracing more than two hundred varieties. These coral formations extend through Canada and northern Europe to the arctic regions.

59:4.7

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä§¼ö±â ÀÌÈÄ¿¡, ¸¹Àº ÇØ¾È¼±µéÀÌ ÀûÁö ¾Ê°Ô À¶±âÇÏ¿©, ÃʱâÀÇ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀÌ ÁøÈëÀ̳ª ÀÌÆÇ¾ÏÀ¸·Î µÚµ¤¿´´Ù. µ¥º¸´Ï¾Æ±â ÅðÀûÃþµé Áß ÇϳªÀÇ Æ¯»öÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ºÓÀº »öÀÇ »ç¾ÏÃþ(ÞãäÜöµ)µµ ¿ª½Ã ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÓÀº »öÀÇ ÁöÃþÀº Áö±¸ Ç¥¸é ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ°í, ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, À¯·´, ·¯½Ã¾Æ, Áß±¹, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ±×¸®°í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ µîÁö¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÓÀº »ö ÁöÃþÀº °ÇÁ¶ »óÅ ȤÀº ¹Ý(Úâ)°ÇÁ¶ »óŸ¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈ­Çϰí ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Following these submergences, many of the shore lines were considerably elevated so that the earlier deposits were covered by mud or shale. There is also a red sandstone stratum which characterizes one of the Devonian sedimentations, and this red layer extends over much of the earth's surface, being found in North and South America, Europe, Russia, China, Africa, and Australia. Such red deposits are suggestive of arid or semiarid conditions, but the climate of this epoch was still mild and even.

59:4.8

ÀÌ ±â°£ Àüü µ¿¾È, ½Å½Ã³»Æ¼ ¼¶ÀÇ ³²µ¿ÂÊ Áö¿ªÀº ¹°À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿µ±¹ ¼¶µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© À¯·´ ¼­ºÎ Áö¿ª ´ëºÎºÐÀº ħ¼öµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿þÀÏÁî¿Í µ¶ÀÏ ±×¸®°í À¯·´ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­, µ¥º¸´Ï¾Æ±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀº 20,000ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ À̸¥´Ù.

Throughout all of this period the land southeast of the Cincinnati Island remained well above water. But very much of western Europe, including the British Isles, was submerged. In Wales, Germany, and other places in Europe the Devonian rocks are 20,000 feet thick.

59:4.9

250,000,000³â Àü¿¡´Â ôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÎ ¾î·ùµéÀÇ ÃâÇöÀÌ ¸ñ°ÝµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸ðµç ÀÌÀü-Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁøÈ­¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´Ü°è ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.

250,000,000 years ago witnessed the appearance of the fish family, the vertebrates, one of the most important steps in all prehuman evolution.

59:4.10

ÀýÁöµ¿¹°À̳ª °©°¢·ù µ¿¹°Àº ù ¹øÂ° ôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÇ ¿øÁ¶µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾î·ù°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â À§ÇÏ¿© µÎ Á¾·ùÀÇ º¯ÇüµÈ ÀýÁöµ¿¹° ¿øÁ¶µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; Çϳª´Â ¸Ó¸®¿Í ²¿¸®¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ±ä ¸öü¸¦ °¡Á³¾ú°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ôÃß°¡ ¾ø°í ÀÔÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹°°í±â ºñ½ÁÇÑ À¯ÇüÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ºñÀûÀÎ À¯ÇüµéÀº µ¿¹° ¼¼°èÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ Ã´Ãßµ¿¹°ÀÌ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ª°Ô µÇÀÚ À绡¸® ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The arthropods, or crustaceans, were the ancestors of the first vertebrates. The forerunners of the fish family were two modified arthropod ancestors; one had a long body connecting a head and tail, while the other was a backboneless, jawless prefish. But these preliminary types were quickly destroyed when the fishes, the first vertebrates of the animal world, made their sudden appearance from the north.

59:4.11

ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¹°°í±âµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« °Íµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº 25ÇÇÆ®¿¡¼­ 30ÇÇÆ® ±æÀÌ¿´°í ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ÀÌ»¡ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¿À´Ã³¯ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ó¾îµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ¹°°í±âµéÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²Àº °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ÇãÆÄ¿Í ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø ¹°°í±âµéÀÌ ÁøÈ­ÀÇ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡, ¹°°í±âµéÀº ¹Î¹°°ú ¹Ù´å¹°¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ÀûÀÀµÈ »óÅ¿´´Ù.

Many of the largest true fish belong to this age, some of the teeth-bearing varieties being twenty-five to thirty feet long; the present-day sharks are the survivors of these ancient fishes. The lung and armored fishes reached their evolutionary apex, and before this epoch had ended, fishes had adapted to both fresh and salt waters.

59:4.12

Ʋ¸²¾ø´Â ¹°°í±â ÀÌ»¡ÀÇ »À´ë¿Í ÇØ°ñµéÀÌ, ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ¹Ø¿¡ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀº ÅðÀûÃþµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº º¸È£µÈ ¸¸(ؽ)µéÀÌ Ä¶¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¶¥ À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°÷ÀÇ ÇØ¾ÈÀ» µû¶ó dzºÎÇÑ È­¼® ÃþÀÌ ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Veritable bone beds of fish teeth and skeletons may be found in the deposits laid down toward the close of this period, and rich fossil beds are situated along the coast of California since many sheltered bays of the Pacific Ocean extended into the land of that region.

59:4.13

Áö±¸ À§¿¡´Â À°»ó ½Ä¹°µéÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¸é¼­ ±Þ°ÝÇÏ°Ô ÆÛÁ® ³ª°¬´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö´Â ¹°°¡¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â À°Áö¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó´Â ½Ä¹°µéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À̶§ºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®°í °©ÀÚ±â, ¾çÄ¡·ù Á·ÀÌ Ç³¼ºÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆÛÁ® ³ª°¬À¸¸ç ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â ¼¼°è Àü¿ªÀ» µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. 2ÇÇÆ® µÎ²²¿Í 40ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌÀÇ ³ª¹« À¯ÇüÀÌ °ð °³¹ßµÇ¾ú°í; ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÀÙµéÀÌ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ Ç°Á¾µéÀº Ãʺ¸ÀûÀÎ ÀÙÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º¸´Ù ÀÛÀº Ãʸñµéµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ´ë°³ Ãʱ⿡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÎ½ÄµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ È­¼®À¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

The earth was being rapidly overrun by the new orders of land vegetation. Heretofore few plants grew on land except about the water's edge. Now, and suddenly, the prolific fern family appeared and quickly spread over the face of the rapidly rising land in all parts of the world. Tree types, two feet thick and forty feet high, soon developed; later on, leaves evolved, but these early varieties had only rudimentary foliage. There were many smaller plants, but their fossils are not found since they were usually destroyed by the still earlier appearing bacteria.

59:4.14

´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âµÉ ¶§, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ±×¸°¶õµå ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÑ ¹Ýµµ(ÚâÓö)µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇöÀç ±×¸°¶õµå´Â ±× ¾óÀ½ Ãþ ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ À°»ó ½Ä¹°µéÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ» °£Á÷Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

As the land rose, North America became connected with Europe by land bridges extending to Greenland. And today Greenland holds the remains of these early land plants beneath its mantle of ice.

59:4.15

240,000,000³â Àü¿¡, À¯·´°ú ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àü¿ªÀÇ À°Áö°¡ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§°­Àº µ¥º¸´Ï¾Æ±âÀÇ È«¼öµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Çù¼ÒÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú°í ¸Ç ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ´Ù½Ã ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ¿´°í ´ëºÎºÐÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ Èê·¯µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´ë¼­¾çÀº À¯·´°ú ¼­ºÎ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ªÀ» ħ¼ö½ÃÄ×°í, ³²ºÎÀÇ ÅÂÆò¾çÀº ÀεµÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ Áö¿ªÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù. À̹ø¿¡ ÀϾ ¹ü¶÷Àº ¸Å¿ì ¼­¼­È÷ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´°í, Åð°¢µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¼­¼­È÷ ÀϾ´Ù. Çãµå½¼ °­ ¼­ÂÊ °­º¯À» µû¶ó ¼Ú¾ÆÀִ ijÃ÷ų »ê¸ÆÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ±â³ä¹° ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.

240,000,000 years ago the land over parts of both Europe and North and South America began to sink. This subsidence marked the appearance of the last and least extensive of the Devonian floods. The arctic seas again moved southward over much of North America, the Atlantic inundated a large part of Europe and western Asia, while the southern Pacific covered most of India. This inundation was slow in appearing and equally slow in retreating. The Catskill Mountains along the west bank of the Hudson River are one of the largest geologic monuments of this epoch to be found on the surface of North America.

59:4.16

230,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¹Ù´Ù´Â °è¼Ó Åð°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¹°À§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, °Å´ëÇÑ È­»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·Î·»½º Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸óÆ®¸®¿Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ·Î¾â »êÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È­»êµé Áß Çϳª°¡ ħ½ÄµÇ¾î ¸ñ ºÎºÐ¸¸ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë ÀüüÀÇ ÅðÀûÃþÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾ÆÆÈ¶óÄ¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡´Â ¼­½ºÄÉÇϳª °­ÀÌ °è°îÀ» ħ½Ä½ÃÄѼ­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÁöÃþµéÀÌ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î µå·¯³ª°Ô ÇÏ¿´°í, ±× ÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â 13,000ÇÇÆ®¸¦ ³Ñ´Â´Ù.

230,000,000 years ago the seas were continuing their retreat. Much of North America was above water, and great volcanic activity occurred in the St. Lawrence region. Mount Royal, at Montreal, is the eroded neck of one of these volcanoes. The deposits of this entire epoch are well shown in the Appalachian Mountains of North America where the Susquehanna River has cut a valley exposing these successive layers, which attained a thickness of over 13,000 feet.

59:4.17

´ë·úµéÀÇ À¶±â°¡ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú°í, ´ë±â¿¡´Â »ê¼Ò°¡ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö±¸´Â 100ÇÇÆ® ³ôÀÌ¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â ¾çÄ¡·ù ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ±¤È°ÇÑ ½£°ú, ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ³ª¹«µé·Î µÚµ¤¿´°í, ½£Àº °í¿äÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¸®µµ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ³ª¹µÀÙÀÌ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¼Ò¸®Á¶Â÷ ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ±× ³ª¹«µéÀÌ ÀÙÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

The elevation of the continents proceeded, and the atmosphere was becoming enriched with oxygen. The earth was overspread by vast forests of ferns one hundred feet high and by the peculiar trees of those days, silent forests; not a sound was heard, not even the rustle of a leaf, for such trees had no leaves.

59:4.18

ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ±ä ±â°£ÀÇ ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ÁøÈ­ ±â°£, ¾î·ù ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡À» ¸Î°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç´Â °ÅÀÇ 5,000¸¸ ³â¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ³ÊÈñ ¿¬±¸Áøµé¿¡°Ô´Â µ¥º¸´Ï¾Æ±â·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

And thus drew to a close one of the longest periods of marine-life evolution, the age of fishes. This period of the world's history lasted almost fifty million years; it has become known to your researchers as the Devonian.


5. Áö°¢-À̵¿ ´Ü°è
¾çÄ¡·ù-»ï¸²ÀÇ ¼®Åº±â
°³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë
 


   5. THE CRUSTAL-SHIFTING STAGE
THE FERN-FOREST CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
THE AGE OF FROGS 

59:5.1

¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ±â°£¿¡ ÀϾ ¹°°í±âÀÇ ÃâÇöÀº ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ÁøÈ­ÀÇ Á¤Á¡À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÃÁ¡ºÎÅÍ À°Áö »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇØÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ À°»ó µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» À§ÇØ °ÅÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³Ä¡µÈ ¹«´ë¸¦ ¿­¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

The appearance of fish during the preceding period marks the apex of marine-life evolution. From this point onward the evolution of land life becomes increasingly important. And this period opens with the stage almost ideally set for the appearance of the first land animals.

59:5.2

220,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸¹Àº ´ë·úµéÀÌ ¹°À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À°Áö´Â ȣȭ·Î¿î ½Ä¹°µé·Î µÚµ¤¿´À¸¸ç; ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â Á¤¸»·Î ¾çÄ¡·ù ½Ã´ë¶ó°í ÇÒ Á¤µµ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ»êȭź¼Ò°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´ë±â Áß¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ³óµµ°¡ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù.

220,000,000 years ago many of the continental land areas, including most of North America, were above water. The land was overrun by luxurious vegetation; this was indeed the age of ferns. Carbon dioxide was still present in the atmosphere but in lessening degree.

59:5.3

±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ó¸¶ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Áß¾Ó ºÎºÐÀÌ Ä§¼öµÇ¾ú°í, µÎ °³ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ù°¡ Á¶¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ë¼­¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ¿¬¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °íÁö´ëµéÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ ÇØº¯ ¹Ù·Î ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀ¹°í ÀÌµé µÎ ¹Ù´ÙµéÀº ¼­·Î °áÇյǾú°í, ¼­·Î ´Þ¶ú´ø »ý¸í ÇüŵéÀÌ ¼¯ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°±º(ÏØ) °áÇÕÀº ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í¿¡°Ô ½Å¼ÓÇϰí Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¼èÅð°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ À°»ó-»ý¸í ±â°£ÀÌ ¿­¸®µµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Shortly thereafter the central portion of North America was inundated, creating two great inland seas. Both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal highlands were situated just beyond the present shore lines. These two seas presently united, commingling their different forms of life, and the union of these marine fauna marked the beginning of the rapid and world-wide decline in marine life and the opening of the subsequent land-life period.

59:5.4

210,000,000³â Àü¿¡, µû¶æÇÑ ¿ÂµµÀÇ ºÏ±ØÇØ ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÌ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù. ³²±Ø Áö¹æÀÇ ¹°Àº ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¸¦ ħ¹üÇÏ¿´°í, ¹Ý¸é ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.

210,000,000 years ago the warm-water arctic seas covered most of North America and Europe. The south polar waters inundated South America and Australia, while both Africa and Asia were highly elevated.

59:5.5

¹Ù´ÙµéÀÌ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¶À» ¶§, »õ·Î¿î ÁøÈ­Àû ¹ßÀüÀÌ °©ÀÚ±â ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ À°»ó µ¿¹°µéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ±×°Íµé Áß¿¡´Â ¶¥À̳ª ¹°¿¡¼­ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °ø±â·Î ¼ûÀ» ½¬´Â ÀÌ ¾ç¼­·ùµéÀº ÀýÁöµ¿¹°¿¡¼­ ¹ß´ÞµÈ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀýÁöµ¿¹°µéÀÇ ºÎ·¹°¡ ÇãÆÄ·Î ÁøÈ­ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

When the seas were at their height, a new evolutionary development suddenly occurred. Abruptly, the first of the land animals appeared. There were numerous species of these animals that were able to live on land or in water. These air-breathing amphibians developed from the arthropods, whose swim bladders had evolved into lungs.

59:5.6

¼Ò±Ý±â°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù´å¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ À°»ó ´ÞÆØÀ̵é°ú Àü°¥µé ±×¸®°í °³±¸¸®µéÀÌ ±â¾î ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ °³±¸¸®µéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ¾ËÀ» ³º°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »õ³¢ ¶§¿¡´Â ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±âó·³, ¿ÃìÀÌ·Î »ì¾Æ°£´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£Àº °³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë¶ó°í ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

From the briny waters of the seas there crawled out upon the land snails, scorpions, and frogs. Today frogs still lay their eggs in water, and their young first exist as little fishes, tadpoles. This period could well be known as the age of frogs.

59:5.7

±× Á÷ÈÄ¿¡, °ïÃæµéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î »ý°Ü³µ°í, °Å¹Ì, Àü°¥, ¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹, ±Í¶Ñ¶ó¹Ì, ±×¸®°í ¸Þ¶Ñ±âµéµµ ÇÔ²² ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, °ð Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ´ë·ú¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ÀáÀÚ¸®´Â ÆøÀÌ 30ÀÎÄ¡³ª µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1,000¿© Á¾¿¡ À̸£´Â ¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹µéÀÌ »ý°å°í, ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº 4ÀÎÄ¡ ±æÀ̱îÁö ÀÚ¶ú´Ù.

Very soon thereafter the insects first appeared and, together with spiders, scorpions, cockroaches, crickets, and locusts, soon overspread the continents of the world. Dragon flies measured thirty inches across. One thousand species of cockroaches developed, and some grew to be four inches long.

59:5.8

µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ±ØÇǵ¿¹°µéÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÏ°Ô Àß ¹ß»ýµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº È­¼®ÀÌ µÇ¾î ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë¸¦ Àß ¾È³»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶°³¸¦ ¸Ô´Â Å« »ó¾îµéµµ ¿ª½Ã ¸Å¿ì Àß ÁøÈ­µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 500¸¸ ³â ÀÌ»ó ÇØ¾çÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈ­ÇÏ°í ±ÕÀÏÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº °ÅÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹Î¹°°í±â°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í »ï¿±ÃæÀº °ÅÀÇ ¼Ò¸êµÇ¾ú´Ù. »êÈ£ÃʵéÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú°í, ¼®È¸¾ÏÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¹Ù´Ù³ª¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¶¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. º¸´Ù ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î °ÇÃà¿ë ¼®È¸¾ÏµéÀº ÀÌ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÅðÀûµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Two groups of echinoderms became especially well developed, and they are in reality the guide fossils of this epoch. The large shell-feeding sharks were also highly evolved, and for more than five million years they dominated the oceans. The climate was still mild and equable; the marine life was little changed. Fresh-water fish were developing and the trilobites were nearing extinction. Corals were scarce, and much of the limestone was being made by the crinoids. The finer building limestones were laid down during this epoch.

59:5.9

´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ùµé ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¹°Àº ¼®È¸¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ±¤¹°Áúµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ º¯È­µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¸¹Àº ÇØ¾ç Á¾Á·µéÀÇ ÁøÈ­¿Í ¹ßÀüÀ» Å©°Ô ¹æÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹¿¡´Â ±¤´ëÇÑ ¾Ï¼® ÅðÀû Çö»óÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ±ú²ýÇØÁ³°í, ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¾Æ¿¬°ú ³³ ¼ººÐÀÌ ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

The waters of many of the inland seas were so heavily charged with lime and other minerals as greatly to interfere with the progress and development of many marine species. Eventually the seas cleared up as the result of an extensive stone deposit, in some places containing zinc and lead.

59:5.10

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱ⠼®Åº±âÀÇ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀº 500³»Áö 2,000ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ À̸£¸ç, »ç¾Ï°ú ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï ±×¸®°í ¼®È¸¾ÏÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÁöÃþÀº ¸¹Àº ÀÚ°¥°ú Çϱ¸(ùÁÏ¢) ÅðÀû¹°°ú ÇÔ²², À°»ó ±×¸®°í ÇØ»ó µ¿½Ä¹°ÀÇ È­¼®µéÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¼®ÅºÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ¿À·¡µÈ ÀÌ ÁöÃþ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. À¯·´¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ÅðÀûÃþµéÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ ½×¿© ÀÖ´Â ÁöÃþµé°ú ¸Å¿ì Èí»çÇÏ´Ù.

The deposits of this early Carboniferous age are from 500 to 2,000 feet thick, consisting of sandstone, shale, and limestone. The oldest strata yield the fossils of both land and marine animals and plants, along with much gravel and basin sediments. Little workable coal is found in these older strata. These depositions throughout Europe are very similar to those laid down over North America.

59:5.11

ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«°¡ À¶±âÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àá±ñ Áß´ÜµÈ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÌ Àü¿¡ µé¾î¿Í ÀÖ´ø Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹Ý Á¤µµ¸¦ µ¤¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ Ä§¼ö¿´À¸¸ç, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À°Áö´Â °ð ¹°À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô´Ù. ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿©ÀüÈ÷ À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Toward the close of this epoch the land of North America began to rise. There was a short interruption, and the sea returned to cover about half of its previous beds. This was a short inundation, and most of the land was soon well above water. South America was still connected with Europe by way of Africa.

59:5.12

ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ º¸½º°Ô½º¿Í Èæ¸² ±×¸®°í ¿ì¶ö »ê¸ÆµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. °í´ë¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ´Ù¸¥ »êµéÀÇ ÈçÀûµéÀÌ ¿µ±¹°ú À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.

This epoch witnessed the beginning of the Vosges, Black Forest, and Ural mountains. Stumps of other and older mountains are to be found all over Great Britain and Europe.

59:5.13

200,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¼®Åº±â Áß¿¡¼­ Á¤¸»·Î Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÎ ´Ü°è°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ÀÖ±â Àü 2õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È Àü±â ¼®Åº ÅðÀûÃþµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, À̶§ºÎÅÍ´Â ´õ¿í ±¤´ëÇÑ ¼®Åº Çü¼º Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¼®Åº ÅðÀû ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëÀÇ ±æÀÌ´Â 2õ 5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ Á¶±Ý ³Ñ´Â´Ù.

200,000,000 years ago the really active stages of the Carboniferous period began. For twenty million years prior to this time the earlier coal deposits were being laid down, but now the more extensive coal-formation activities were in process. The length of the actual coal-deposition epoch was a little over twenty-five million years.

59:5.14

À°Áö´Â ÇØ¾ç ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ È°µ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹Ù´Ù¹° ³ôÀ̰¡ ¹Ù²ñ¿¡ µû¶ó ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À¸£³»·È´Ù. ¿¬¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ËÁö´ëµéÀÇ Ç³¼ºÇÑ Ãʸñµé°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö±¸ Áö°¢ÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ »óŦ¡À°ÁöÀÇ Ä§°­°ú À¶±â¦¡´Â ±¤´ëÇÑ ¼®Åº ÅðÀûÃþ Çü¼º¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ¼®Åº±â·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±âÈÄ´Â Áö±¸ Àüü°¡ ¿ÂÈ­ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The land was periodically going up and down due to the shifting sea level occasioned by activities on the ocean bottoms. This crustal uneasiness -- the settling and rising of the land -- in connection with the prolific vegetation of the coastal swamps, contributed to the production of extensive coal deposits, which have caused this period to be known as the Carboniferous. And the climate was still mild the world over.

59:5.15

¼®ÅºÃþµéÀº ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï°ú ¾Ï¼® ±×¸®°í ¿ª¾Ï µî°ú ¹ø°¥¾Æ °¡¸é¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÁßºÎ¿Í µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼®Åº Áö´ë´Â 40ÇÇÆ® ³»Áö 50ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÅðÀûÃþµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ À°Áö°¡ À¶±âµÇ´Â µ¿¾È ¹°¿¡ ¾Ä°Ü ³»·Á°¬´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¼®ÅºÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ÁöÃþÀÌ 18,000ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¸¦ °®´Â °÷µµ ÀÖ´Ù.

The coal layers alternate with shale, stone, and conglomerate. These coal beds over central and eastern United States vary in thickness from forty to fifty feet. But many of these deposits were washed away during subsequent land elevations. In some parts of North America and Europe the coal-bearing strata are 18,000 feet in thickness.

59:5.16

ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼®Åº Áö´ë ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁøÈë ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏ´ø ³ª¹«»Ñ¸®µéÀÌ ÇöÁ¸µÈ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº, ±× ¼®ÅºÀÌ ÇöÀç ¹ß°ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°÷¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÇÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸Õ ¿¾³¯ ¿¬¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ´ËÁö´ë¿Í ½ÀÁö¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó´Â ¿ïâÇÑ ÃʸñÀÌ ¹°ÀÇ º¸È£ ÀÛ¿ë°ú ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÃþ¿¡´Â °¡½º¿Í ¼®À¯µµ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ºÀåÀÌ ¸ØÃá ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ÀÜ¿©¹°ÀÎ Åäź(÷Ï÷©) Áö´ë´Â Àû´çÇÑ ¾Ð·Â°ú ¿­À» °®°Ô µÉ ¶§ ¼®Åº À¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ï´Ù. ¹«¿¬ÅºÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¼®Åºº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ¾Ð·Â°ú ¿­À» ¹ÞÀ» ¶§ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù.

The presence of roots of trees as they grew in the clay underlying the present coal beds demonstrates that coal was formed exactly where it is now found. Coal is the water-preserved and pressure-modified remains of the rank vegetation growing in the bogs and on the swamp shores of this faraway age. Coal layers often hold both gas and oil. Peat beds, the remains of past vegetable growth, would be converted into a type of coal if subjected to proper pressure and heat. Anthracite has been subjected to more pressure and heat than other coal.

59:5.17

¿©·¯ ÁöÃþµé·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼®ÅºÃþµéÀº À°ÁöÀÇ Ä§°­°ú À¶±â°¡ ¸î ¹ø ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³» ÁÖ¸ç, Àϸ®³ëÀÌ¿¡¼­ÀÇ 10°³·ÎºÎÅÍ, Ææ½Çº£À̴Ͼƿ¡¼­´Â 20°³, ¾Ù¶ó¹è¸¶¿¡¼­´Â 35°³, ±×¸®°í ij³ª´Ù¿¡¼­ÀÇ 75°³¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù. ¹Î¹°°ú ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÇ È­¼®µéÀÌ ¼®ÅºÁö´ë¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.

In North America the layers of coal in the various beds, which indicate the number of times the land fell and rose, vary from ten in Illinois, twenty in Pennsylvania, thirty-five in Alabama, to seventy-five in Canada. Both fresh- and salt-water fossils are found in the coal beds.

59:5.18

ÀÌ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ë Àüü¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ³²-ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »êµéÀÌ Åµ¿µÇ¾ú°í, ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ°ú ¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ ³²ºÎ ·ÏŰ»ê¸ÆÀÌ À¶±âµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ë¼­¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ¿¬¾ÈÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ³ôÀº Áö´ëµéÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´°í, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ħ½ÄµÇ°í °¡¶ó¾É°Ô µÇ¾î µÎ ÇØ¾çÀÇ ÇØ¾È¼±µéÀº ´ë·« ÇöÀçÀÇ À§Ä¡±îÁö Åð°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§¼ö±â°£¿¡ ÅðÀûµÈ ÃþÀº ¾à 1,000ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ À̸¥´Ù.

Throughout this epoch the mountains of North and South America were active, both the Andes and the southern ancestral Rocky Mountains rising. The great Atlantic and Pacific high coastal regions began to sink, eventually becoming so eroded and submerged that the coast lines of both oceans withdrew to approximately their present positions. The deposits of this inundation average about one thousand feet in thickness.

59:5.19

190,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼®Åº±â ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ ·ÏŰ»ê¸Æ Áö¿ª±îÁö ¼­ÂÊÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºÏºÎ ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÅÂÆò¾çÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇØ¾È¼± Áö¿ªÀÌ º¯µ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È ¿¬¾ÈÁö´ë°¡ À¶±â¿Í ħ°­À» °ÅµìÇϸ鼭, ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ ¼®ÅºÀÌ ¿©·¯ ÃþÀ¸·Î °è¼Ó ½×¿´´Ù.

190,000,000 years ago witnessed a westward extension of the North American Carboniferous sea over the present Rocky Mountain region, with an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through northern California. Coal continued to be laid down throughout the Americas and Europe, layer upon layer, as the coastlands rose and fell during these ages of seashore oscillations.

59:5.20

180,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¼®Åº±â°¡ ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±× µ¿¾È¿¡ ¼¼°è Àü¿ª¦¡À¯·´, Àεµ, Áß±¹, ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·úµé¦¡¿¡ ¼®ÅºÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼®Åº-Çü¼º±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ °è°î µ¿ÂÊÀÌ À¶±âµÇ¾ú°í, ±× Áö¿ª ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±× ÈÄ·Î °è¼Ó ÇØ¼ö¸é À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À°Áö-À¶±â ±â°£Àº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, ÇöÀç ¾ÆÆÈ¶óÄ¡¾Æ Áö¿ª°ú ¼­ºÎ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »êµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ±âÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Ë·¡½ºÄ«¿Í ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ±×¸®°í À¯·´°ú ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »êÀÌ-Çü¼ºµÇ´Â Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­ È­»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µ¿ºÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¼­ºÎ À¯·´Àº ±×¸°¶õµå ´ë·ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Carboniferous period, during which coal had been formed all over the world -- in Europe, India, China, North Africa, and the Americas. At the close of the coal-formation period North America east of the Mississippi valley rose, and most of this section has ever since remained above the sea. This land-elevation period marks the beginning of the modern mountains of North America, both in the Appalachian regions and in the west. Volcanoes were active in Alaska and California and in the mountain-forming regions of Europe and Asia. Eastern America and western Europe were connected by the continent of Greenland.

59:5.21

À°Áö°¡ À¶±âµÇÀÚ, ±× Àü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ½Ã´ëµéÀÇ ÇØ¾ç¼º ±âÈİ¡ ¹Ù²î±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´°í, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù ±â¿ÂÀÌ ³·°í º¯È­°¡ ¸¹Àº ´ë·ú¼º ±âÈİ¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù.

Land elevation began to modify the marine climate of the preceding ages and to substitute therefor the beginnings of the less mild and more variable continental climate.

59:5.22

ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ½Ä¹°µéÀº ¾¾¸¦ ¸Î¾ú°í, ¹Ù¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸Õ °÷À¸·Î ³Ð°Ô ÆÛÁ®°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼®Åº±âÀÇ ³ª¹«ÁÙ±â´Â º¸Åë Á÷°æÀÌ 7ÇÇÆ® Á¤µµ¿´À¸¸ç 125ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ ³ôÀ̱îÁö ÀÚ¶ó´Â °Íµéµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±Ù´ëÀÇ ¾çÄ¡·ùµéÀº ¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Õ ¿¾ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯¹°ÀÌ´Ù.

The plants of these times were spore bearing, and the wind was able to spread them far and wide. The trunks of the Carboniferous trees were commonly seven feet in diameter and often one hundred and twenty-five feet high. The modern ferns are truly relics of these bygone ages.

59:5.23

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, À̵éÀº ¹Î¹° À¯±âü¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¹ß´ÞÀÇ ½Å(ãæ)½Ã´ëµéÀÌ¿´À¸¸ç; ±× Àü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í¿¡´Â º°·Î º¯È­°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Æ¯Â¡Àº °³±¸¸® ±×¸®°í ±×¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¾·ùµéÀÇ °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ÃâÇöÀÌ´Ù. ¼®Åº±âÀÇ »ý¸í Ư¡Àº ¾çÄ¡·ù ½Ä¹°°ú °³±¸¸®µéÀÌ´Ù.

In general, these were the epochs of development for fresh-water organisms; little change occurred in the previous marine life. But the important characteristic of this period was the sudden appearance of the frogs and their many cousins. The life features of the coal age were ferns and frogs.


6. ±âÈÄ °úµµ±â
Á¾Àڽ۱â
»ý¹°ÇÐÀû ½Ã·Ã±â
 


   6. THE CLIMATIC TRANSITION STAGE
THE SEED-PLANT PERIOD
THE AGE OF BIOLOGIC TRIBULATION
 

59:6.1

ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǹ鼭, ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÁßÃßÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ­Àû ¹ßÀüÀÌ ³¡³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ À°»ó µ¿¹° ½Ã´ë·Î À̾îÁö´Â º¯È¯±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù.

This period marks the end of pivotal evolutionary development in marine life and the opening of the transition period leading to the subsequent ages of land animals.

59:6.2

ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â »ý¸íÀÌ Å©°Ô µÐÈ­µÇ´Â ±â°£À̾ú´Ù. ¼öõ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íµéÀÌ »ç¶óÁ³°í, À°Áö À§¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ »ý¸íÀÌ Á¤ÂøµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ »óÅ¿´´Ù. »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ½Ã·Ã±â¿´°í, À°Áö Ç¥¸é°ú ÇØ¾çÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼­ »ý¸íÀÌ °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁö´Â ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ±ä ÇØ¾ç-»ý¸í ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡, Áö±¸»ó¿¡´Â 100,000°¡Áö°¡ ³Ñ´Â »ý¸íµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È¯±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡´Â 500°¡Áö ¹Ì¸¸¸¸ÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

This age was one of great life impoverishment. Thousands of marine species perished, and life was hardly yet established on land. This was a time of biologic tribulation, the age when life nearly vanished from the face of the earth and from the depths of the oceans. Toward the close of the long marine-life era there were more than one hundred thousand species of living things on earth. At the close of this period of transition less than five hundred had survived.

59:6.3

»õ·Î¿î ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Æ¯Â¡µéÀº Áö±¸ Ç¥¸é ¿ÂµµÀÇ Çϰ­À̳ª ¿À·§µ¿¾È È­»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Í¿¡¼­ ±âÀεǾú´Ù±âº¸´Ù´Â, Åë»óÀûÀ̰í ÀÌÀü-Á¸ÀçÇß´ø ¿µÇâµé¦¡¹Ù´ÙÀÇ Ãà¼Ò¿Í °Å´ëÇÑ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÇ Áõ´ëµÇ´Â À¶±â¦¡ÀÌ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î º´ÇյǾú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀü(ì¤îñ) ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ÂÈ­ÇÑ ÇØ¾ç¼º ±âÈÄ´Â »ç¶óÁ³°í, Á» ´õ °Å¼¾ ´ë·ú¼º ±âÈİ¡ »¡¸® ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The peculiarities of this new period were not due so much to the cooling of the earth's crust or to the long absence of volcanic action as to an unusual combination of commonplace and pre-existing influences -- restrictions of the seas and increasing elevation of enormous land masses. The mild marine climate of former times was disappearing, and the harsher continental type of weather was fast developing.

59:6.4

170,000,000³â Àü¿¡, ¾öû³­ ÁøÈ­Àû º¯È­¿Í Á¶Àý Çö»óµéÀÌ Áö±¸ Ç¥¸é Àüü¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇØ¾ç Áö´ë°¡ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀ¸¸é¼­, À°Áö°¡ ¼¼°è Àü¿ª¿¡¼­ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. µ¶¸³µÈ »êºÀ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µ¿ºÎ Áö¿ªÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ³ôÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¼­ºÎ Áö¿ªÀº ¼­¼­È÷ ¼Ú¾Æ ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô´Ù. ´ë·úµéÀº Å©°í ÀÛÀº ¹Ù´Ù È£¼öµé°ú ¼ö¸¹Àº ³»·ú ¹Ù´Ùµé·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ¾ú°í ±×°ÍµéÀº Á¼Àº ÇØÇùÀ¸·Î ÇØ¾çµé°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È¯±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ÁöÃþÀº 1,000³»Áö 7,000ÇÇÆ®ÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ À̸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.

170,000,000 years ago great evolutionary changes and adjustments were taking place over the entire face of the earth. Land was rising all over the world as the ocean beds were sinking. Isolated mountain ridges appeared. The eastern part of North America was high above the sea; the west was slowly rising. The continents were covered by great and small salt lakes and numerous inland seas which were connected with the oceans by narrow straits. The strata of this transition period vary in thickness from 1,000 to 7,000 feet.

59:6.5

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À°Áö À¶±â ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡ Áö±¸ÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÌ ±¤¹üÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Á¢