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PAPER 69

¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àΰ£ Á¦µµ


 PRIMITIVE HUMAN INSTITUTIONS

69:0.1

°¨Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â, »ç¶÷Àº ÇØÇÐ(ú²ùÌ)°ú ¿¹¼ú ±×¸®°í Á¾±³¸¦ ´À²¸¼­ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ¸é¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ µ¿¹° Á¶»óµéÀ» ´É°¡ÇÑ´Ù. »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î´Â, »ç¶÷Àº ¿¬ÀåÀ» ¸¸µé°í ±³ÅëÇϸç Á¦µµ¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¶ó´Â °Í¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ì¼ö¼ºÀ» µå·¯³½´Ù.

EMOTIONALLY, man transcends his animal ancestors in his ability to appreciate humor, art, and religion. Socially, man exhibits his superiority in that he is a toolmaker, a communicator, and an institution builder.

69:0.2

Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ »çȸ Áý´ÜµéÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÁýÇÕü´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã, ¸¶Ä§³» Á¦µµÈ­¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇϴ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ È°µ¿ °æÇâµéÀ» âÃâÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼¼¿î Á¦µµµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº, ³ëµ¿ÀÌ Àý¾àµÊ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ Áý´ÜÀû ¾ÈÀüÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃŰ´Â ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ °øÇåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÔÁõÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.

When human beings long maintain social groups, such aggregations always result in the creation of certain activity trends which culminate in institutionalization. Most of man's institutions have proved to be laborsaving while at the same time contributing something to the enhancement of group security.

69:0.3

¹®¸íÈ­µÈ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È®¸³µÈ Á¦µµµéÀÌ °®´Â ¼º°Ý°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼º ±×¸®°í ¿¬¼Ó¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ Å« ÀںνÉÀ» °®Áö¸¸, Àΰ£Àû Á¦µµµé Àüü´Â ±Ý±â»çÇ׵鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ º¸Á¸µÇ°í Á¾±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ À§¾öÀ» °®Ãß¾î °¡¸é¼­ ÃàÀûµÇ¾îÁø °ú°ÅÀÇ »çȸ°ü·Êµé¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ À¯»ê(ë¶ß§)µéÀº ÀüÅëÀÌ µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀüÅëÀº ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î °üÇàÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüµÈ´Ù.

Civilized man takes great pride in the character, stability, and continuity of his established institutions, but all human institutions are merely the accumulated mores of the past as they have been conserved by taboos and dignified by religion. Such legacies become traditions, and traditions ultimately metamorphose into conventions.


1. ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ Á¦µµ
 


1. BASIC HUMAN INSTITUTIONS

69:1.1

¸ðµç Àΰ£Àû Á¦µµµéÀÌ °ú°Å ¶Ç´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ¾î¶² »çȸÀû Çʿ伺À» ¸¸Á·½Ã۴µ¥, ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ °úµµÇÑ ¹ß´ÞÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã °³º°Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¿ì¼ö¼ºÀÌ ³«ÈĵǴ °á°ú¸¦ ³º°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ »óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °³ÀμºÀº ºûÀ» ÀÒ°í µ¶Ã¢·ÂÀº Å𺸵ȴÙ. »ç¶÷Àº ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â ¹®¸íÀÌ »êÃâÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °Íµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Áö¹è´çÇϵµ·Ï ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ³»¾îÁֱ⺸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀ» ÅëÁ¦Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

All human institutions minister to some social need, past or present, notwithstanding that their overdevelopment unfailingly detracts from the worth-whileness of the individual in that personality is overshadowed and initiative is diminished. Man should control his institutions rather than permit himself to be dominated by these creations of advancing civilization.

69:1.2

Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼¼ °¡Áö Á¾·ù·Î ±¸ºÐ µÈ´Ù:

Human institutions are of three general classes:

69:1.3

1. ÀÚ¾Æ-À¯ÁöÀÇ Á¦µµµé. ÀÌ Á¦µµµé¿¡´Â ¾ç½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â °ü½Àµé ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÚ¾Æ-º¸Á¸ÀÇ º»´ÉµéÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº »ê¾÷, Àç»ê, ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀüÀï, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç ±Ô·ÊÀûÀÎ ±â±¸ÀåÄ¡¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. À̸£°Å³ª ´Ê°Å³ª, µÎ·Á¿ò º»´ÉÀº ±Ý±â »çÇ×, Çù¾à ±×¸®°í Á¾±³Àû Á¦À縦 ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î »ýÁ¸ÇÏ´Â, À̵é Á¦µµÀÇ È®¸³À» À°¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µÎ·Á¿ò, ¹«Áö ±×¸®°í ¹Ì½ÅÀº ¸ðµç Àΰ£ Á¦µµµéÀÇ ÃÊ±â ±â¿ø°ú µÚÀ̾îÁø ¹ß´Þ¿¡¼­ µÎµå·¯Áø ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

1. The institutions of self-maintenance. These institutions embrace those practices growing out of food hunger and its associated instincts of self-preservation. They include industry, property, war for gain, and all the regulative machinery of society. Sooner or later the fear instinct fosters the establishment of these institutions of survival by means of taboo, convention, and religious sanction. But fear, ignorance, and superstition have played a prominent part in the early origin and subsequent development of all human institutions.

69:1.4

2. ÀÚ¾Æ-¿µ¼ÓÀÇ Á¦µµµé. À̰͵éÀº ¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¾ÁÖ¸², ¸ð¼º º»´É ±×¸®°í Á¾Á·µéÀÇ °íµî °¨Á¤µé¿¡¼­ Àڶ󳪿 »çȸÀÇ Á¦µµµéÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¼Ó¿¡´Â °¡Á¤°ú Çб³¿¡¼­ÀÇ, °¡Á¤»ýȰ, ±³À°, À±¸® ±×¸®°í Á¾±³¿¡¼­ÀÇ »çȸÀû º¸È£ ¼ö´ÜÀ» Æ÷¿ËÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°Íµé¿¡´Â °áÈ¥ °ü½À, ¹æ¾î¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀüÀï, ±×¸®°í ÁÖÅà °ÇÃàÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.

2. The institutions of self-perpetuation. These are the establishments of society growing out of sex hunger, maternal instinct, and the higher tender emotions of the races. They embrace the social safeguards of the home and the school, of family life, education, ethics, and religion. They include marriage customs, war for defense, and home building.

69:1.5

3. ÀÚ¾Æ-¸¸Á·ÀÇ Á¦µµµé. À̰͵éÀº Ç㿵½ÉÀÇ ¼ºÇâµé°ú ÀںνÉÀÇ °¨Á¤µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ¶ó³­ °ü½ÀµéÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿Ê ÀÔ´Â °ü½À°ú °³ÀÎÀû Ä¡Àå, »çȸÀû dz½À, ¿µ±¤À» À§ÇÑ ÀüÀï, Ãã, ¿À¶ô, ³îÀÌ, ±×¸®°í °ü´ÉÀû ¸¸Á·À» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ À§»óµéÀ» Æ÷¿ËÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹®¸íÀÌ ÀÚ¾Æ-¸¸Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ Á¦µµ¸¦ ÁøÈ­½ÃŲ ÀûÀº °áÄÚ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

3. The institutions of self-gratification. These are the practices growing out of vanity proclivities and pride emotions; and they embrace customs in dress and personal adornment, social usages, war for glory, dancing, amusement, games, and other phases of sensual gratification. But civilization has never evolved distinctive institutions of self-gratification.

69:1.6

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼¼ °¡Áö Áý´ÜÀÇ »çȸÀû °ü½ÀµéÀº ¼­·Î ±ä¹ÐÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¼­·Î ÀÇÁ¸µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇϳªÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ »çȸÀû ±â´É±¸Á¶·Î ±â´ÉÇÏ´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¶Á÷À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù.

These three groups of social practices are intimately interrelated and minutely interdependent the one upon the other. On Urantia they represent a complex organization which functions as a single social mechanism.


2. »ê¾÷ÀÇ Åµ¿
 


2. THE DAWN OF INDUSTRY

69:2.1

¿ø½ÃÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ê¾÷Àº ½Ä·® ºÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷¿¡ ´ëóÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ¼­¼­È÷ ÀÚ¶ó³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ »ì¾Ò´ø »ç¶÷Àº, ½Ä·®³­ÀÌ ´ÚÄ¡´Â ¶§¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ¿© dzºÎÇÑ ¼öÈ®ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¾ç½ÄÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾î¶² µ¿¹°µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹è¿ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Primitive industry slowly grew up as an insurance against the terrors of famine. Early in his existence man began to draw lessons from some of the animals that, during a harvest of plenty, store up food against the days of scarcity.

69:2.2

ÃʱâÀÇ °Ë¼ÒÇÔ°ú ¿ø½ÃÀû »ê¾÷ÀÌ µ¿Æ®±â Àü¿¡´Â, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÀÏ¹Ý ºÎÁ·Àº ±ÃÇ̰ú ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °íÅëÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷Àº Àڱ⠾ç½ÄÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© µ¿¹° ¼¼°è Àüü¿Í °æÀïÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. °æÀïÀÇ-Áß·ÂÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª »ç¶÷À» Áü½ÂÀÇ Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î ³»¸°´Ù; °¡³­Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀΠóÁöÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®°í °¡È¤ÀûÀΠóÁöÀÌ´Ù. ºÎ(Ý£)´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¼±¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ³ëµ¿°ú Áö½Ä ±×¸®°í Á¶Á÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â °á°úÀÌ´Ù.

Before the dawn of early frugality and primitive industry the lot of the average tribe was one of destitution and real suffering. Early man had to compete with the whole animal world for his food. Competition-gravity ever pulls man down toward the beast level; poverty is his natural and tyrannical estate. Wealth is not a natural gift; it results from labor, knowledge, and organization.

69:2.3

¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ¿¬ÇÕÀÇ ÀåÁ¡À» ±ú´Ý´Â µ¥ ´À¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿¬ÇÕÀº Á¶Á÷À» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´°í, Á¶Á÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °á°ú´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ºÐÈ­(ÝÂûù)¿Í, ±×·Î ÀÎÇÑ ½Ã°£°ú ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àý¾àÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ Àü¹®È­´Â ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀûÀÀ·Â¦¡ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¾àÇØÁö´Â ±æÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÔ¦¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÇ ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¶§ ±â»ÝÀ¸·Î Çϰųª ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¼øÀÀÀº Çʿ信¼­ÀÇ °­¿ä·Î ÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

Primitive man was not slow to recognize the advantages of association. Association led to organization, and the first result of organization was division of labor, with its immediate saving of time and materials. These specializations of labor arose by adaptation to pressure -- pursuing the paths of lessened resistance. Primitive savages never did any real work cheerfully or willingly. With them conformity was due to the coercion of necessity.

69:2.4

¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº Èûµç ÀÏÀ» ½È¾îÇÏ¿´°í, ½É°¢ÇÑ À§Çè¿¡ ´ÚÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ¼­µÎ¸£´Â ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ëµ¿¿¡ À־ÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£ Çѵµ ³»¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁø ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀº, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ °ü³äÀÌ´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀüÇô ¼­µÎ¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Ȱ¹ßÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¾Á·µéÀ» »ê¾÷ÀÇ ±æ·Î ¸ô¾ÆºÙÀÎ °ÍÀº, ½ÇÀ縦 À§ÇÑ ¸Í·ÄÇÑ ºÐÅõ¿Í °è¼Ó ³ô¾ÆÁö´Â »ýȰ±âÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 2ÁßÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿´´Ù.

Primitive man disliked hard work, and he would not hurry unless confronted by grave danger. The time element in labor, the idea of doing a given task within a certain time limit, is entirely a modern notion. The ancients were never rushed. It was the double demands of the intense struggle for existence and of the ever-advancing standards of living that drove the naturally inactive races of early man into avenues of industry.

69:2.5

³ëµ¿, ÀǵµÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂÀÌ »ç¶÷À» Áü½Â°ú ±¸ºÐ½Ã۴µ¥, ±×ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ÁÖ·Î º»´ÉÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡Àå ¿ì¼±ÀûÀÎ ÃູÀÌ´Ù. ¿µÁÖÀÇ Âü¸ðÁøÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ÇàÇØÁö´Â À°Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿À» °í»óÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº ÀϵéÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ´ãÀº ¿ø¿¹°¡¿´À¸¸ç; È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ôµµ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù¦¡±×´Â âÁ¶ÀÚ¿´°í ¸¸À¯(Ø¿êó)¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº »ê¾÷À» ÃÖ±ØÀ¸·Î ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ºÎÁ·À̾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº ¡°ÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚ´Â ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¡±°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·À̾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼°èÀÇ Á¾±³µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ³î°í Áö³»´Â Ãʱ⠰ü³äÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù. ÁÖÇÇÅÍ´Â ¼ú ¸¶½Ã°í Èïû´ë´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¹¦»çµÇ¾ú°í, ºÎó´Â ÇѰ¡ÇÏ°Ô ¹¬»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ½ÅºÀÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù.

Labor, the efforts of design, distinguishes man from the beast, whose exertions are largely instinctive. The necessity for labor is man's paramount blessing. The Prince's staff all worked; they did much to ennoble physical labor on Urantia. Adam was a gardener; the God of the Hebrews labored -- he was the creator and upholder of all things. The Hebrews were the first tribe to put a supreme premium on industry; they were the first people to decree that "he who does not work shall not eat." But many of the religions of the world reverted to the early ideal of idleness. Jupiter was a reveler, and Buddha became a reflective devotee of leisure.

69:2.6

»ê±ã ºÎÁ·µéÀº ¿­´ëÁö¹æ¿¡¼­ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® »ì°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ Á¦¹ý ºÎÁö·±È÷ ÀÏÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¶¼úÀ» ½ÅºÀÇÏ´Â °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ÀÚµé°ú ÀÏÇϱ⸦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Àڵ馡Àå·¡¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ´Â Àڵ馡»çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾È °¥µîÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

The Sangik tribes were fairly industrious when residing away from the tropics. But there was a long, long struggle between the lazy devotees of magic and the apostles of work -- those who exercised foresight.

69:2.7

Àå·¡¸¦ ´ëºñÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àΰ£Àº ºÒ°ú ¹° ±×¸®°í À½½ÄÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î À¯µµµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº õ¼ºÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ°í³­ µµ¹Ú²ÛÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; Ç×»ó ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¹«¾ùÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃÊ±â ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È Âü¾Æ³»´Â ½ÇõÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý±ä ¼º°øµéÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÚÁÖ ¸ðµÎ ÁÖ¹®¿¡¼­ ±âÀÎµÈ´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. ¸¶¼úÀº ¼±°ß. ÀýÁ¦. »ê¾÷¿¡ ´À¸®°Ô ±æÀ» ºñÄÑÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

The first human foresight was directed toward the preservation of fire, water, and food. But primitive man was a natural-born gambler; he always wanted to get something for nothing, and all too often during these early times the success which accrued from patient practice was attributed to charms. Magic was slow to give way before foresight, self-denial, and industry.


3. ³ëµ¿ÀÇ Àü¹®È­
 


3. THE SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR

69:3.1

¿ø½Ã »çȸÀÇ ³ëµ¿ ºÐÇÒÀÌ Ã³À½¿¡´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú°í, ±× ÈÄ¿¡´Â »çȸ ȯ°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ëµ¿¿¡ À־ Ãʱ⿡ Àü¹®È­µÈ Á¶Á÷Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

The divisions of labor in primitive society were determined first by natural, and then by social, circumstances. The early order of specialization in labor was:

69:3.2

1. ¼º(àõ)¿¡ ±âÃÊµÈ Àü¹®È­. ¿©¼ºÀÇ ÀÏÀº ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ ÇöÁ¸À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¾Æ±âµéÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־, ¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©ÀεéÀº ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿©¼ºÀº ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ³²¼ºÀº »ç³É²Û°ú Àü»ç°¡ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÀÏÇϰí ÈÞ½ÄÀ» ÃëÇÏ¿´´Ù.

1. Specialization based on sex. Woman's work was derived from the selective presence of the child; women naturally love babies more than men do. Thus woman became the routine worker, while man became the hunter and fighter, engaging in accentuated periods of work and rest.

69:3.3

¸ðµç ½Ã´ëµé¸¶´Ù, ±Ý±â »çÇ×ÀÇ Á¦¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿©ÀεéÀº ÀÚ±â ºÐ¾ß À̿ܿ¡´Â ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô Á¦ÇѵǾú´Ù. ³²¼ºÀº °¡Àå À̱âÀûÀ¸·Î Àڱ⿡°Ô ´õ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº ÀÏÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ´ÜÁ¶·Î¿î ÀÏÀº ¿©¼º¿¡°Ô ¸Ã°å´Ù. ³²¼ºÀº ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ¿©¼ºÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ¿©¼ºÀº ³²¼ºÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ Á¶±Ýµµ °ÅºÎ°¨À» ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ»óÇϰԵµ, °¡Á¤À» ²Ù¹Ì°í µ¹º¸´Â ÀÏ¿¡ À־´Â ³²¼ºµé°ú ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ µÑ ¸ðµÎ ÇÔ²² ÀÏÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

All down through the ages the taboos have operated to keep woman strictly in her own field. Man has most selfishly chosen the more agreeable work, leaving the routine drudgery to woman. Man has always been ashamed to do woman's work, but woman has never shown any reluctance to doing man's work. But strange to record, both men and women have always worked together in building and furnishing the home.

69:3.4

2. ³ªÀÌ¿Í Áúº´ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¹ß»ýµÈ º¯Çü. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Â÷À̵éÀº ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ ³ëµ¿ ºÐÇÒÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ëÀεéÀº ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¿¬Àå°ú ¹«±â¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¹°À» ²ø¾îµéÀÌ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÇÒ´çµÇ¾ú´Ù.

2. Modification consequent upon age and disease. These differences determined the next division of labor. The old men and cripples were early set to work making tools and weapons. They were later assigned to building irrigation works.

69:3.5

3. Á¾±³¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ºÐÈ­. ÁÖ¼ú»ç(ñ±âúÞÔ)µéÀº À°Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿À» ¸éÁ¦¹ÞÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ °è±ÞÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ À־ ¼±±¸Àû ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵éÀº ÁÖ¼ú»çµé¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ¿ä¼úÀïÀÌ·Î Ãë±ÞµÇ´Â ÀÛÀº Áý´ÜµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±Ý¼ÓÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ ±â¼úÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¡°Èò ¼è¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵顱°ú ¡°°ËÀº ¼è¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵顱·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹é»ö ¸¶¼ú°ú Èæ»ö ¸¶¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãʱ⠹ÏÀ½µéÀÌ ±â¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ³ªÁß¿¡ ¼±ÇÑ ±Í½Åµé°ú ¾ÇÇÑ ±Í½Åµé, ¼±ÇÑ ¿µµé°ú ¾ÇÇÑ ¿µµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì½Å ¼Ó¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´Ù.

3. Differentiation based on religion. The medicine men were the first human beings to be exempted from physical toil; they were the pioneer professional class. The smiths were a small group who competed with the medicine men as magicians. Their skill in working with metals made the people afraid of them. The "white smiths" and the "black smiths" gave origin to the early beliefs in white and black magic. And this belief later became involved in the superstition of good and bad ghosts, good and bad spirits.

69:3.6

´ëÀåÀåÀ̵éÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ÇýÅÃÀ» ´©¸° ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ºñÁ¾±³Àû Áý´ÜÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀÖÀ» µ¿¾È¿¡µµ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯º°´ë¿ì´Â ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÇϳªÀÇ °è±Þ, ¿ø½Ã »çȸÀÇ Á¤Ä¡²ÛÀÌ µÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Æ¯±ÇµéÀÌ ¾ßºñÇÏ°Ô ³²¿ëµÊÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵éÀº ³Î¸® ¹Ì¿òÀ» ¹Þ´Â ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀº ÀÌ ±âȸ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ °æÀïÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû°³½ÉÀ» ´õ¿í ºÎÃß°å´Ù. °úÇаú Á¾±³ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½ÃÇÕ¿¡¼­ Á¾±³(¹Ì½Å)°¡ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵éÀº ¸¶À»¿¡¼­ ÂѰܳ­ ÈÄ¿¡, ÁÖ°ÅÁö¿ªÀÇ ¿Ü°û¿¡¼­, ÀϹÝÀεéÀÇ ¼÷¹Ú¼ÒÀÎ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿©Àμ÷À» ¿î¿µÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Smiths were the first nonreligious group to enjoy special privileges. They were regarded as neutrals during war, and this extra leisure led to their becoming, as a class, the politicians of primitive society. But through gross abuse of these privileges the smiths became universally hated, and the medicine men lost no time in fostering hatred for their competitors. In this first contest between science and religion, religion (superstition) won. After being driven out of the villages, the smiths maintained the first inns, public lodginghouses, on the outskirts of the settlements.

69:3.7

4. ÁÖÀΰú ³ë¿¹. ³ëµ¿¿¡ À־ ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ºÐÈ­´Â Á¤º¹ÀÚ¿Í ÇÇ(ù¬)Á¤º¹ÀÚÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú°í, ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´´Ù.

4. Master and slave. The next differentiation of labor grew out of the relations of the conqueror to the conquered, and that meant the beginning of human slavery.

69:3.8

5. ´Ù¾çÇÑ À°Ã¼Àû Á¤½ÅÀû ÀÚÁúµé¿¡ ±âÃÊµÈ ºÐÈ­. ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº ºÐÇÒÀº Àΰ£µéÀÌ Å¸°í³­ Àç´ÉÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´õ¿í Á¶ÀåµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥; ¸ðµç Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ ¶È°°Àº »óÅ·ΠžÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

5. Differentiation based on diverse physical and mental endowments. Further divisions of labor were favored by the inherent differences in men; all human beings are not born equal.

69:3.9

»ê¾÷¿¡ À־ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº ºÎ½Ëµ¹À» °¡°øÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé°ú ¼®°ø(à´Íï)µéÀ̾ú°í; ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´ëÀåÀåÀ̵éÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ Àü¹®È­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À¸¸ç; Àüü °¡Á·µé°ú ¾¾Á·µéÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ³ëµ¿¿¡ Àü³äÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ »çÁ¦ Ư±Ç°è±Þµé Áß ÇϳªÀÇ ±â¿øÀº, ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ÁÖ¼ú»ç¿Í´Â º°µµ·Î, Ä®À» ¸¸µå´Â ¼÷·ÃÀÚµéÀÇ °¡Á·À» ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì·¯·¯ ¹Þµå´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âÀεǾú´Ù.

The early specialists in industry were the flint flakers and stonemasons; next came the smiths. Subsequently group specialization developed; whole families and clans dedicated themselves to certain sorts of labor. The origin of one of the earliest castes of priests, apart from the tribal medicine men, was due to the superstitious exaltation of a family of expert swordmakers.

69:3.10

»ê¾÷¿¡ À־ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àü¹®°¡ Áý´ÜÀº ¾Ï¿°(äÜç¤) ¼öÃâ¾÷ÀÚ¿Í µµ°ø(Ô¶Íï)µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©ÀεéÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¸ð¾çÀÇ Áú±×¸©À» ¸¸µé¾ú°í ³²ÀÚµéÀº Àå½ÄÀ» °çµéÀÎ ¸ð¾çÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µé °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­´Â ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹Ù´ÀÁú°ú õ Â¥´Â ÀÏÀ» ¸Ã¾Ò°í, ±× ³ª¸ÓÁö ÀϵéÀº ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The first group specialists in industry were rock salt exporters and potters. Women made the plain pottery and men the fancy. Among some tribes sewing and weaving were done by women, in others by the men.

69:3.11

Ãʱ⠻óÀεéÀº ÁÖ·Î ¿©¼ºÀ̾ú´Âµ¥; ±×µéÀº øÀÚ·Î °í¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, °Å·¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀº ´ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ¹«¿ªÀÌ È®´ëµÇÀÚ, ¿©ÀεéÀº Áß°³ÀΦ¡µµ¸Å»ó¦¡À¸·Î Ȱµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÀ¹°í »óÀÎ °è±ÞÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î, ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö¼ö·á¿Í ÀÌÀÍÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áý´ÜµéÀÌ ´Ã¾î³ª¸é¼­ ¹°¹°±³È¯Àº »ó¾÷À¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; »óǰ ±³È¯¿¡ µÚÀÌ¾î ¼÷·ÃµÈ ±â¼úÀÇ ±³È¯ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.

The early traders were women; they were employed as spies, carrying on commerce as a side line. Presently trade expanded, the women acting as intermediaries -- jobbers. Then came the merchant class, charging a commission, profit, for their services. Growth of group barter developed into commerce; and following the exchange of commodities came the exchange of skilled labor.


4. °Å·¡ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ
 


4. THE BEGINNINGS OF TRADE

69:4.1

°è¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °áÈ¥¿¡ À̾ »ýÆ÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °áÈ¥ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´ø °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¹°¹° ±³È¯¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °Å·¡ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ½À°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °­Å»ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ðÀ¸·Î ¹°¹°±³È¯À» ÇÏ´Â Ãʱ⠰ü½À°ú ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ ±³È¯ ¹æ½Ä »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÇØÀû ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Just as marriage by contract followed marriage by capture, so trade by barter followed seizure by raids. But a long period of piracy intervened between the early practices of silent barter and the later trade by modern exchange methods.

69:4.2

ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹°¹°±³È¯Àº ¹«ÀåµÈ »óÀεéÀÌ Áß°£ ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ »óǰÀ» ³²°ÜµÒÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿©ÀεéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½ÃÀåµéÀ» Á¡À¯ÇÏ¿´°í; ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹«¿ª¾÷ÀÚµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¹«°Å¿î ÁüÀ» ³ª¸£´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ ¹Ý¸é¿¡; ³²ÀÚµéÀº Àü»ç¿´±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¹«¿ª °Å·¡¼Ò, ¹«¿ª¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹«±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô °¥ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¸·±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ³ÐÀº ¼ºº®ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The first barter was conducted by armed traders who would leave their goods on a neutral spot. Women held the first markets; they were the earliest traders, and this was because they were the burden bearers; the men were warriors. Very early the trading counter was developed, a wall wide enough to prevent the traders reaching each other with weapons.

69:4.3

¹«¾ðÀÇ ¹°¹°±³È¯À» À§ÇØ °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀº ¹°°ÇµéÀ» ÁöŰ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ »ó¡¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ½ÃÀåÀº µµµÏÁúÀ» ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ÁöÄÑÁ³°í, ¹°¹°±³È¯À̳ª ±¸¸Å¸¦ ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼­´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ °¡Á®°¥ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ »ó¡¹°ÀÇ º¸È£·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹°°ÇµéÀº ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ¾ÈÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¹«¿ª¾÷ÀÚµéÀº Àڱ⠺ÎÁ·µé °£¿¡´Â öÀúÇÏ°Ô Á¤Á÷ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ¸Õ °÷¿¡¼­ ¿Â À̹æÀεéÀ» ¼ÓÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº Á¤´çÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÃʱâÀÇ È÷ºê¸®Àε鵵 À̹æÀεé°ú °Å·¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â º°µµÀÇ À±¸® ±Ô¹üÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

A fetish was used to stand guard over the deposits of goods for silent barter. Such market places were secure against theft; nothing would be removed except by barter or purchase; with a fetish on guard the goods were always safe. The early traders were scrupulously honest within their own tribes but regarded it as all right to cheat distant strangers. Even the early Hebrews recognized a separate code of ethics in their dealings with the gentiles.

69:4.4

¹«¾ðÀÇ ¹°¹°±³È¯ÀÌ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù °è¼ÓµÈ ÈÄ¿¡, »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ´Â ½ÃÀå¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ¸¸³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¸Å¸Å Àå¼ÒµéÀº, ½ÅÀü(ãêîü)ÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àå¼Ò°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² Áö¹æµé¿¡¼­´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ ¡°Çdz­ÀÇ µµ½Ã¡±À̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¸Å¸Å Àå¼Ò¿¡ ´çµµÇÑ µµÇÇÀÚµéÀº ´©±¸µçÁö ¾ÈÀüÇÏ¿´°í °ø°Ý¹ÞÀ» ¿°·Á°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

For ages silent barter continued before men would meet, unarmed, on the sacred market place. These same market squares became the first places of sanctuary and in some countries were later known as "cities of refuge." Any fugitive reaching the market place was safe and secure against attack.

69:4.5

ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °Å·¡ ´ÜÀ§´Â ¼Ò¸Æ°ú ´Ù¸¥ °î½ÄµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±³È¯ ¼ö´ÜÀº ¹°°í±â ¶Ç´Â ¿°¼Ò¿´´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¾Ï¼Ò°¡ ¹°¹°±³È¯ÀÇ ´ÜÀ§°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The first weights were grains of wheat and other cereals. The first medium of exchange was a fish or a goat. Later the cow became a unit of barter.

69:4.6

±Ù´ëÀÇ Çʱâ(ù¶ÑÀ) ±â¼úÀº Ãʱ⠹«¿ª °Å·¡ ±â·Ïµé¿¡¼­ ±â¿øµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ ¹®¼­´Â °Å·¡-ÁøÈï ¼­·ù, ¼Ò±ÝÀ» ¼±ÀüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ ÀϾ ÀüÀïµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ºÎ½Ëµ¹°ú ¼Ò±Ý ±×¸®°í ±Ý¼Óµé°ú °°Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¸ÅÀå¹°À» Â÷ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ½Î¿òÀ̾ú´Ù. ºÎÁ·µé °£ÀÇ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Á¶¾àÀº ¸ÅÀåµÈ ¼Ò±ÝÀ» °øµ¿À¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Á¶¾àÀ» ¸ÎÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àå¼ÒµéÀº, ¼­·Î Ä£±ÙÇÏ°í ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô ÀǰßÀ» ±³È¯ÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎÁ·µéÀÌ ¼­·Î ¼¯ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Modern writing originated in the early trade records; the first literature of man was a trade-promotion document, a salt advertisement. Many of the earlier wars were fought over natural deposits, such as flint, salt, and metals. The first formal tribal treaty concerned the intertribalizing of a salt deposit. These treaty spots afforded opportunity for friendly and peaceful interchange of ideas and the intermingling of various tribes.

69:4.7

Çʱ⠱â¼úÀº, ¡°¼Ò½Ä ¸·´ë±â¡±, ¸ÅµìÀ» ¸¸µç ²ö, ±×¸²À¸·Î ¾²±â, »óÇü¹®ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í Á¶°¡ºñ¸¦ ±¸½½·Î ¿«Àº ¶ì µî°ú °°Àº ´Ü°è¸¦ °ÅÃÄ, ÃʱâÀÇ ±âȣȭµÈ ÀÚ¸ð(í®Ù½) ¹®ÀÚ·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿¬±â·Î ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»´Â ¿ø½ÃÀû ÇüÅ·κÎÅÍ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î, º¸¹ß(ÜÆÚü)²Û, µ¿¹° ±â¼ö(ÑÈâ¢), öµµ ±×¸®°í ºñÇà±â¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´°í, Àüº¸¿Í ÀüÈ­ ±×¸®°í ¹«¼± Åë½ÅÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù.

Writing progressed up through the stages of the "message stick," knotted cords, picture writing, hieroglyphics, and wampum belts, to the early symbolic alphabets. Message sending evolved from the primitive smoke signal up through runners, animal riders, railroads, and airplanes, as well as telegraph, telephone, and wireless communication.

69:4.8

»õ·Î¿î Âø»ó°ú º¸´Ù ³ªÀº ¹æ¹ýµéÀº °í´ëÀÇ »óÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­, »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ç´Â ¸ðµç ¼¼°è·Î ÆÛÁ® ³ª°¬´Ù. ¸ðÇè°ú ¼ÕÀ» ÀâÀº »ó¾÷Àº ŽÇè°ú ¹ß°ßÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Íµé·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¿î¼Û¼ö´ÜÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. »ó¾÷Àº ¹®È­ÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, ¹®¸íÀ» ¹ß´Þ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Å©°Ô °øÇåÇÏ¿´´Ù.

New ideas and better methods were carried around the inhabited world by the ancient traders. Commerce, linked with adventure, led to exploration and discovery. And all of these gave birth to transportation. Commerce has been the great civilizer through promoting the cross-fertilization of culture.


5. ÀÚº»(íÀÜâ)ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ
 


5. THE BEGINNINGS OF CAPITAL

69:5.1

ÀÚº»Àº ¹Ì·¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇöÀ縦 À¯º¸Çϵµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀúÃàÀº À¯Áö¿Í »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ´ëºñÃ¥ÀÇ ÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ¾ç½Ä ÀúÀåÀº ÀÚ¾Æ-Á¶Á¤À» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´°í ÀÚº»°ú ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¾ß±âÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ç½ÄÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚ´Â, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾àÅ»ÀڷκÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÒ ¼ö¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¾ç½ÄÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇÑ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ÀÌÁ¡(××ïÇ)À» °¡Á³´Ù.

Capital is labor applied as a renunciation of the present in favor of the future. Savings represent a form of maintenance and survival insurance. Food hoarding developed self-control and created the first problems of capital and labor. The man who had food, provided he could protect it from robbers, had a distinct advantage over the man who had no food.

69:5.2

ÃʱâÀÇ ÀºÇà°¡´Â ±× ºÎÁ· Áß¿¡¼­ ¿ë°¨ÇÑ ³²ÀÚ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±× Áý´ÜÀÇ º¸¹°µéÀ» º¸°üÇÏ¿´°í, ±× ¾¾Á·(ä«ðé) Àüü´Â °ø°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¶§ ±×ÀÇ ÁýÀ» ¹æ¾îÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© °¢ °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ ÀÚº»°ú Áý´ÜÀÇ Àç»êÀº Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«¸® Á¶Á÷À» Á¶¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ¿ÜºÎÀÇ Ä§ÀÔÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±× Àç»êÀ» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¹æÁ¶Ä¡µéÀÌ °í¾ÈµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÀÌ¿ô ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÅäÁö¿Í Àç»êÀ» Å»ÃëÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀ¸·Î½á ¹«¸® Á¶Á÷À» Ç×»ó À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü·Ê·Î µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The early banker was the valorous man of the tribe. He held the group treasures on deposit, while the entire clan would defend his hut in event of attack. Thus the accumulation of individual capital and group wealth immediately led to military organization. At first such precautions were designed to defend property against foreign raiders, but later on it became the custom to keep the military organization in practice by inaugurating raids on the property and wealth of neighboring tribes.

69:5.3

ÀÚº»ÀÇ ÃàÀûÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Ãæµ¿Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

The basic urges which led to the accumulation of capital were:

69:5.4

1. ±¾ÁÖ¸²¦¡¼±°ß°ú ¿¬ÇÕµÊ. ¾ç½Ä Àý¾à°ú ÀúÀåÀº ÈûÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´°í, ÃæºÐÇÑ ¼±°ßÁö¸íÀ» °¡ÁüÀ¸·Î½á Àå·¡ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä½Ã¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À§¾ÈÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾ç½Ä ÀúÀåÀº ±¾ÁÖ¸²°ú Àç³­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºñÃ¥À̾ú´Ù. ¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ »çȸ°ü·Ê Àüü ÁٰŸ®´Â, »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹Ì·¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇöÀ縦 º¹Á¾½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °í¾ÈµÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù.

1. Hunger -- associated with foresight. Food saving and preservation meant power and comfort for those who possessed sufficient foresight thus to provide for future needs. Food storage was adequate insurance against famine and disaster. And the entire body of primitive mores was really designed to help man subordinate the present to the future.

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2. °¡Á·»ç¶û¦¡±×µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ·Á´Â ¿å¸Á. ÀÚº»Àº, Áö±Ý ´çÀå ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·Â¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¿¡ ´ëºñÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àç»êÀ» ÀúÃàÇØ µÎ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì·¡Àû ¼ö¿äÀÇ ÀϺδ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ¼Õ¿¡°Ô ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

2. Love of family -- desire to provide for their wants. Capital represents the saving of property in spite of the pressure of the wants of today in order to insure against the demands of the future. A part of this future need may have to do with one's posterity.

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3. Ç㿵½É¦¡ÀÚ±â Àç»ê ÃàÀûÀ» °ú½ÃÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·¥. ¿©ºÐÀÇ ¿ÊÀº ³²µéº¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÃÖ°í »ó¡¹°µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ¼öÁýÇÏ´Â Ç㿵½ÉÀº ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿´´Ù.

3. Vanity -- longing to display one's property accumulations. Extra clothing was one of the first badges of distinction. Collection vanity early appealed to the pride of man.

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4. ÁöÀ§¦¡»çȸÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸í¼ºÀ» ¾ò°íÀÚÇÏ´Â ¿­¸Á. »ó¾÷È­µÈ ±ÍÁ· ½ÅºÐ, Ư±Ç °è±ÞÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÓ¹« ¼öÇà¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰųª µ·À¸·Î È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ´Â ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù.

4. Position -- eagerness to buy social and political prestige. There early sprang up a commercialized nobility, admission to which depended on the performance of some special service to royalty or was granted frankly for the payment of money.

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5. Èû¦¡ÁÖÀÎÀÌ µÇ°íÀÚÇÏ´Â °¥¸Á. Àç»êÀ» ºô·ÁÁÖ´Â ÇàÀ§, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ Åë¿ëµÈ ¸Å ³â 100%ÀÇ ´ëºÎ ÀÌÀÚÀ²Àº, ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÚÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. µ·À» ºô·ÁÁØ ÀÚµéÀº µ·À» ºô·Á°£ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »óºñ±ºÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¿ÕÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ³ë¿¹È­µÈ Á¾µéÀº ÃàÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àç»êµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Ãʱâ ÇüÅ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, °í´ë¿¡´Â ºúÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ³ë¿¹ »óŰ¡ È®ÀåµÇ¾î ±× ½Ãü±îÁöµµ Áö¹èµÇ´Â Áö°æ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù.

5. Power -- the craving to be master. Treasure lending was carried on as a means of enslavement, one hundred per cent a year being the loan rate of these ancient times. The moneylenders made themselves kings by creating a standing army of debtors. Bond servants were among the earliest form of property to be accumulated, and in olden days debt slavery extended even to the control of the body after death.

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6. Á×Àº ÀÚÀÇ ±Í½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷½É¦¡º¸È£¸¦ À§ÇÑ »çÁ¦ »ç·Ê±Ý. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ »îÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Çâ»óµÇµµ·Ï ÃËÁø½ÃŰ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ÀڽŵéÀÇ Àç»êÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇµµ·Ï ÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹°À» »çÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© »çÁ¦µéÀº Å« ºÎÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í; °í´ëÀÇ ÀÚº»°¡µé Áß¿¡¼­µµ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ¾ú´Ù.

6. Fear of the ghosts of the dead -- priest fees for protection. Men early began to give death presents to the priests with a view to having their property used to facilitate their progress through the next life. The priesthoods thus became very rich; they were chief among ancient capitalists.

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7. ¼º(àõ) Ãæµ¿¦¡ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ »ç·Á´Â ¿­¸Á. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ °Å·¡ ÇüÅ´ ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í; ±×°ÍÀº ¸»ÀÇ °Å·¡º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀüÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼º(àõ) ³ë¿¹·Î ÆÈ¾Æ³Ñ±â´Â °ÍÀº »çȸ¸¦ ÀüÇô ¹ßÀü½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿Õ·¡´Â °ú°Å¿¡µµ Áö±Ýµµ Á¾Á·ÀÇ Ä¡¿åÀ̰í, ±×°ÍÀº ÇѲ¨¹ø¿¡ ±×¸®°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ °¡Á¤»ýȰÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ°í ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀûÇÕ¼ºÀ» ¿À¿°½ÃÄ×´Ù.

7. Sex urge -- the desire to buy one or more wives. Man's first form of trading was woman exchange; it long preceded horse trading. But never did the barter in sex slaves advance society; such traffic was and is a racial disgrace, for at one and the same time it hindered the development of family life and polluted the biologic fitness of superior peoples.

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8. ÀÚ¾Æ-¸¸Á·¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Çüŵé. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ºÎ±Í°¡ ÈûÀ» °¡Á®¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Ãß±¸Çϸç, ¶Ç ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº Àç»êÀÌ ¾È¶ôÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ö½á ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷(±×¸®°í ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéµµ)Àº »çÄ¡¸¦ ºÎ¸®´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ»êÀ» ÅÁÁøÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶¾àÀº ¿ø½ÃÁ¾Á·ÀÇ È£±â½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿´´Ù.

8. Numerous forms of self-gratification. Some sought wealth because it conferred power; others toiled for property because it meant ease. Early man (and some later-day ones) tended to squander his resources on luxury. Intoxicants and drugs intrigued the primitive races.

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¹®¸íÀÌ ¹ß´ÞµÇ¸é¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀúÃà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î µ¿±âµéÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; »õ·Î¿î Çʿ伺µéÀÌ ¾ç½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿øÀûÀÎ °¥¸Á¿¡ µ¡ºÙ¿©Á³´Ù. °¡³­À» ¹«Ã´ ½È¾îÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á×°Ô µÇ¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ ºÎÀڵ鸸ÀÌ °ð¹Ù·Î õ±¹¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àç»êÀÌ ³Ê¹« ³ô°Ô Æò°¡µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Ç㿵½ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÜÄ¡¸¦ º£Ç®¾î¼­ ÀÚ±â À̸§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÒ¸í¿¹¸¦ ¾ÄÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

As civilization developed, men acquired new incentives for saving; new wants were rapidly added to the original food hunger. Poverty became so abhorred that only the rich were supposed to go direct to heaven when they died. Property became so highly valued that to give a pretentious feast would wipe a dishonor from one's name.

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Àç»êÀÇ ÃàÀûÀº ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ »çȸÀûÀÎ ¿µ¿¹ÀÇ »ó¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÁ¤ ºÎÁ·ÀÇ °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀº ¾î´À ÃàÁ¦ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÚ±â Àç¹°À» Å¿ì°Å³ª ºÎÁ·¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾îÁÜÀ¸·Î½á Ưº°ÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ½É¾îÁÖ·Á°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¸ðÀ¸±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇàÀ§´Â ±×µéÀ» À§´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Çö´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéµµ Å©¸®½º¸¶½º ¼±¹°À» ¹«ÀýÁ¦ÇÏ°Ô ³ª´©¾îÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ³¶ºñÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ºÎÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ¼± ´Üü¿Í ±³À° ±â°üµé¿¡°Ô ±âºÎ±ÝÀ» ±âÁõÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±â¹ýÀº º¯ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âÁúÀº °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

Accumulations of wealth early became the badge of social distinction. Individuals in certain tribes would accumulate property for years just to create an impression by burning it up on some holiday or by freely distributing it to fellow tribesmen. This made them great men. Even modern peoples revel in the lavish distribution of Christmas gifts, while rich men endow great institutions of philanthropy and learning. Man's technique varies, but his disposition remains quite unchanged.

69:5.14

±×·¯³ª °í´ëÀÇ ºÎÀÚµé Áß¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±â Àç¹°À» ޳»´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ìÇØ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÎ·Á¿ö¼­ ÀÚ±â Àç¹°À» ¸¹ÀÌ ³ª´©¾îÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹àÈ÷´Â °ÍÀÌ °øÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÎÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Åµå¸§À» ÇÇ¿ì±â À§ÇØ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀ» Èñ»ý Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù.

But it is only fair to record that many an ancient rich man distributed much of his fortune because of the fear of being killed by those who coveted his treasures. Wealthy men commonly sacrificed scores of slaves to show disdain for wealth.

69:5.15

ºñ·Ï ÀÚº»ÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ÇØ¹æ½ÃŰ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ »çȸÀûÀÌ°í »ê¾÷ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷À» Å©°Ô º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. °øÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÚº»°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÚº»ÀÇ ¾Ç¿ëµµ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±Ù´ë »ê¾÷ »çȸÀÇ ±âÃʶó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÆÄ±â½ÃŰÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚº»°ú ¹ß¸íÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼¼´ë´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¾î´À ½Ã´ëº¸´Ùµµ ¶Ù¾î³­ ¼öÁØÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº °æ¼ÖÇϰí À̱âÀûÀÎ º¸È£°ü¸®Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¹ø ¿À¿ëµÈ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¯¸íÀ¸·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇϳªÀÇ »ç½Ç·Î ±â·ÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Though capital has tended to liberate man, it has greatly complicated his social and industrial organization. The abuse of capital by unfair capitalists does not destroy the fact that it is the basis of modern industrial society. Through capital and invention the present generation enjoys a higher degree of freedom than any that ever preceded it on earth. This is placed on record as a fact and not in justification of the many misuses of capital by thoughtless and selfish custodians.


6. ¹®¸í°ú ºÒÀÇ °ü°è
 


6. FIRE IN RELATION TO CIVILIZATION

69:6.1

³× °³ÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¦¡»ê¾÷Àû, ±ÔÀ²Àû, Á¾±³Àû, ±º»çÀû¦¡·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¿ø½ÃÀû »çȸ´Â ºÒ, µ¿¹°µé, ³ë¿¹µé, ±×¸®°í ÅäÁö¶ó´Â ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Primitive society with its four divisions -- industrial, regulative, religious, and military -- rose through the instrumentality of fire, animals, slaves, and property.

69:6.2

ºÒÀ» ÇÇ¿ì´Â ÇàÀ§´Â, ´Ü ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ µµ¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, »ç¶÷À» ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª µ¿¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸ºÐ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç; ±×°ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹ß¸í ¶Ç´Â ¹ß°ßÀ̾ú´Ù. ºÒÀº ¸ðµç µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹ã¿¡µµ ¶¥¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÒÀº Ȳȥ ¹«·ÆÀÇ »çȸÀû ±³Á¦¸¦ ºÏµ¸¾Ò´Ù; ÃßÀ§¿Í ¸Í¼öµéÀ» ¹°¸®Ä¡°Ô ÇÏ¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±Í½Åµé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¾ÈÀüÃ¥ÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº óÀ½¿¡´Â ¿­À» À§ÇÑ ¼ö´Üº¸´Ù ºûÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; Áøº¸°¡ ´ÊÀº ºÎÁ·µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¹ã»õµµ·Ï ºÒ²ÉÀÌ Å¸¿À¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÀáÀ» ÀÌ·çÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Fire building, by a single bound, forever separated man from animal; it is the basic human invention, or discovery. Fire enabled man to stay on the ground at night as all animals are afraid of it. Fire encouraged eventide social intercourse; it not only protected against cold and wild beasts but was also employed as security against ghosts. It was at first used more for light than heat; many backward tribes refuse to sleep unless a flame burns all night.

69:6.3

ºÒÀº ¹®¸íÈ­¿¡ Å©°Ô ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, È¥ÀÚ¸¸ ±×°ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÆÁ÷ ºÒÀÌ »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ½¡À» ±×·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌ¿ô¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ¾Æ¹« ¼ÕÇØ ¾øÀÌ ³²¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÀ» ÁÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾ÖŸÀû Á¸Àç°¡ µÇ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÑ Áý¾ÈÀÇ ºÒÀº ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¶Ç´Â °¡Àå ³ªÀ̰¡ ¸¹Àº µþ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ º¸Á¸µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¹æ½ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ŵµ¿Í ¹ÏÀ½Á÷½º·¯¿î ŵµ¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼±»ý ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ãʱ⠽ôëÀÇ °¡Á¤Àº °Ç¹°À» °®ÃßÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ±× °¡Á·µéÀº °¡Á· °øµ¿ È­·ÎÀÎ ¸ð´ÚºÒ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ¸ð¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »õ·Î¿î °¡Á¤À» ²Ù¹Î ¾ÆµéÀº ±× °¡Á· °øµ¿ È­·Î¿¡¼­ ºÒ¾¾¸¦ ¿Å°Ü°¬´Ù.

Fire was a great civilizer, providing man with his first means of being altruistic without loss by enabling him to give live coals to a neighbor without depriving himself. The household fire, which was attended by the mother or eldest daughter, was the first educator, requiring watchfulness and dependability. The early home was not a building but the family gathered about the fire, the family hearth. When a son founded a new home, he carried a firebrand from the family hearth.

69:6.4

ºÒÀ» óÀ½ ¹ß°ßÇÑ ¾Èµ·Àº ±×°ÍÀ» °æ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¼Õµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±× ºÒ²ÉÀ» °æ¹è ´ë»ó ¶Ç´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¿µÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀ» ¾²·¹±â¸¦ Å¿ì´Â °ÍÀ» ½È¾îÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, û°áÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ºÒÀÇ È¿¿ë°¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀû »ç¶÷Àº ºÒÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿´°í ±×°ÍÀ» ÁÁÀº »óÅ·ΠÀ¯ÁöÇÏ¿© ³¿»õ°¡ Àû°Ô ³ªµµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á°í Ç×»ó ¾Ö¸¦ ½è´Ù. °í´ëÀεéÀº ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­µµ ºÒ ¼Ó¿¡ ħÀ» ¹ñÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ÿ¿À¸£´Â ºÒ°ú ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ »çÀ̸¦ °áÄÚ Áö³ª°¡·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Ãʱâ Àηù´Â ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ºÒÀ» ºÙÀ̴µ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ Ȳȭö°ú ºÎ½Ëµ¹µéÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù.

Though Andon, the discoverer of fire, avoided treating it as an object of worship, many of his descendants regarded the flame as a fetish or as a spirit. They failed to reap the sanitary benefits of fire because they would not burn refuse. Primitive man feared fire and always sought to keep it in good humor, hence the sprinkling of incense. Under no circumstances would the ancients spit in a fire, nor would they ever pass between anyone and a burning fire. Even the iron pyrites and flints used in striking fire were held sacred by early mankind.

69:6.5

ºÒÀ» ²ô´Â °ÍÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ÁË¿´À¸¸ç; ¸¸ÀÏ ÁýÀÌ ºÒ¿¡ Ÿ°Ô µÇ¸é ±×´ë·Î ³»¹ö·ÁµÎ¾ú´Ù. ½ÅÀü(ãêîü)°ú ¼ºÁö(á¡ò¢)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÒµéÀº ½Å¼º½ÃµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÏ ³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² Àç³­ÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ¿¡ »õ·Î ºÒÀ» ºÙÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü·ÊÀûÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØÁö´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ±× ºÒÀ» Àý´ë·Î ¹ÛÀ¸·Î °¡Á®°¡Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿©ÀεéÀÌ »çÁ¦·Î ¼±ÅõǾú´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÌ Áý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÒÀÇ º¸È£°ü¸®ÀÚ¿´±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

It was a sin to extinguish a flame; if a hut caught fire, it was allowed to burn. The fires of the temples and shrines were sacred and were never permitted to go out except that it was the custom to kindle new flames annually or after some calamity. Women were selected as priests because they were custodians of the home fires.

69:6.6

ºÒÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÇÏ´À´Ôµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»·Á¿Ô´ÂÁö¿¡ °üÇØ ±â·ÏµÈ ÃʱâÀÇ ½ÅÈ­µéÀº ¹ø°¹ºÒ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ °ü³äµéÀº ºÒÀ» °æ¹èÇϵµ·Ï Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ºÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ¹è´Â ¡°ºÒÀ» Åë°úÇϴ¡± dz½ÀÀ» ³º°Ô ÇÏ¿´°í, ±× dz½ÀÀº ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á×Àº ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÒÀ» Åë°úÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¸¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅÈ­´Â Ãʱ⠽ô뿡 À־ ¾öû³­ ¼Ó¹ÚÀÇ µµ±¸¿´À¸¸ç ÆÄ½Ã ±³µµµéÀÇ »ó¡ÁÖÀÇ ¼Ó¿¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¸¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The early myths about how fire came down from the gods grew out of the observations of fire caused by lightning. These ideas of supernatural origin led directly to fire worship, and fire worship led to the custom of "passing through fire," a practice carried on up to the times of Moses. And there still persists the idea of passing through fire after death. The fire myth was a great bond in early times and still persists in the symbolism of the Parsees.

69:6.7

ºÒ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© Á¶¸®¹ýÀÌ »ý°å°í, ¡°³¯°í±â¸¦ ¸Ô´Â »ç¶÷µé¡±À̶ó´Â ¸»Àº Á¶·ÕÇϴ ǥÇöÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í À½½ÄÀ» ¿ä¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿©, »ý¸í À¯Áö¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ À½½ÄÀ» ¼ÒÈ­ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¼Ò¸ðµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÙ¿©ÁÖ¾ú°í, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷Àº »çȸÀûÀÎ ¹®È­¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ÈûÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¸ñÃà¾÷Àº ¾ç½ÄÀ» È®º¸Çϱ⿡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁÙÀÓÀ¸·Î½á »çȸÀûÀΠȰµ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©À¯¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Fire led to cooking, and "raw eaters" became a term of derision. And cooking lessened the expenditure of vital energy necessary for the digestion of food and so left early man some strength for social culture, while animal husbandry, by reducing the effort necessary to secure food, provided time for social activities.

69:6.8

ºÒ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ±Ý¼Ó °¡°øÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ³ªÁß¿¡´Â Áõ±â·Â(ñúѨÕô)À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â Àü±â¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ½À» ¸í½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

It should be remembered that fire opened the doors to metalwork and led to the subsequent discovery of steam power and the present-day uses of electricity.


7. µ¿¹°ÀÇ È°¿ë
 


7. THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMALS

69:7.1

óÀ½¿¡´Â, µ¿¹°¼¼°è Àüü°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Àû(îØ)À̾ú°í, Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçµéÀº Áü½Âµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ö¾ß¸¸ Çß¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⿡´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ µ¿¹°À» ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±×ÃÆÁö¸¸ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ±×°ÍµéÀ» ±æµéÀÌ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ü°í Àڱ⸦ ÁÖÀÎÀ¸·Î ¼¶±âµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

To start with, the entire animal world was man's enemy; human beings had to learn to protect themselves from the beasts. First, man ate the animals but later learned to domesticate and make them serve him.

69:7.2

µ¿¹°µéÀ» ±æµéÀÌ´Â ÀÏÀº ¿ì¿¬È÷ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±× ¾ß¸¸ÀεéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àεð¾ðµéÀÌ µé¼Ò¸¦ »ç³ÉÇß´ø °Í°ú Èí»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î µ¿¹°µéÀ» »ç³ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¡Ãà ¶¼¸¦ Æ÷À§ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±× µ¿¹°µéÀ» °è¼Ó Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ¾ç½ÄÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÒ ¶§ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, °¡Ãà¿ì¸®µéÀÌ °ÇÃàµÇ¾ú°í, °¡Ãà ¶¼ Àüü¸¦ »ç·ÎÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The domestication of animals came about accidentally. The savage would hunt herds much as the American Indians hunted the bison. By surrounding the herd they could keep control of the animals, thus being able to kill them as they were required for food. Later, corrals were constructed, and entire herds would be captured.

69:7.3

¾î¶² µ¿¹°µéÀº ÄÚ³¢¸®ÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³ ±æµéÀ̱Ⱑ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×°Íµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¼Ó¹ÚµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­´Â »õ³¢¸¦ ³ºÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇöÁ¸¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾Çϰí, Æ÷·Î·Î µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­µµ »õ³¢¸¦ ³º´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© µ¿¹°À» ±æµéÀÌ´Â ÀÏÀº ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ ¹ø½Ä, ´Þ¶ó¸¶½Ã¾Æ ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ·Î Å©°Ô Áøº¸¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àå·ÁµÇ¾ú´Ù.

It was easy to tame some animals, but like the elephant, many of them would not reproduce in captivity. Still further on it was discovered that certain species of animals would submit to man's presence, and that they would reproduce in captivity. The domestication of animals was thus promoted by selective breeding, an art which has made great progress since the days of Dalamatia.

69:7.4

°³´Â ±æµé¿©Áø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ µ¿¹°À̾ú°í, ±×°ÍÀ» À¯¼øÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¾î·Á¿î üÇèÀº ÇÑ ¸¶¸® °³°¡ ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ »ç³É²Û ÁÖº¯À» ¸Éµ¹´Ù°¡ ±×¸¦ µû¶ó¼­ Á¤¸»·Î Áý¿¡±îÁö ¿À°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ºñ·Î¼Ò ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾È °³µéÀº ¾ç½Ä, »ç³É, ¿î¹Ý ¼ö´Ü, ±×¸®°í µ¿ÇàÀڽźÐÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â °³µéÀÌ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ±æ°Ô »ÌÀ¸¸ç ¢À» ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¿ï¸®´Â ¼Ò¸®·Î ¢´Â ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ì°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³¿»õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÇ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î °¨°¢À¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿µµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Âø°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, °³¸¦ ¼þ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î »ï´Â Á¾ÆÄµéÀÌ »ý±â±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¨½ÃÇÏ´Â °³¸¦ Ȱ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, óÀ½À¸·Î ¾¾Á· Àüü°¡ ¹ã¿¡ ÀáÀ» Àß ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿µµé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À°Ã¼ÀûÀÎ Àûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁýÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ °¨½Ã°ß(ÊøãÊ̳)µéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °³°¡ ¢À» ¶§¿¡´Â »ç¶÷À̳ª Áü½ÂÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ ¿Â °ÍÀ̰í, ±æ°Ô ¼Ò¸® ³»¾î ¿ï ¶§¿¡´Â ¿µµéÀÌ °¡±îÀÌ ¿Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ, °³°¡ ¹ã¿¡ ±æ°Ô ¼Ò¸® ³»¾î ¿ì´Â °ÍÀº Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÁ¶(îñð¼)¶ó°í ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

The dog was the first animal to be domesticated, and the difficult experience of taming it began when a certain dog, after following a hunter around all day, actually went home with him. For ages dogs were used for food, hunting, transportation, and companionship. At first dogs only howled, but later on they learned to bark. The dog's keen sense of smell led to the notion it could see spirits, and thus arose the dog-fetish cults. The employment of watchdogs made it first possible for the whole clan to sleep at night. It then became the custom to employ watchdogs to protect the home against spirits as well as material enemies. When the dog barked, man or beast approached, but when the dog howled, spirits were near. Even now many still believe that a dog's howling at night betokens death.

69:7.5

³²ÀÚ°¡ »ç³ÉÀ» ÇÏ´ø ½ÃÀý¿¡´Â, ¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Á¦¹ý Ä£ÀýÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, µ¿¹°µéÀ» ±æµéÀÎ ÈÄ¿¡´Â, Ä®¸®°¡½ºÆ¼¾Æ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ È¥¶õÀÌ °¡ÁߵǾî, ¸¹Àº ºÎÁ·µéÀÌ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀ» °í¾à½º·´°Ô Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ Àڱ⠵¿¹°µéÀ» Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °Í°ú Á¶±Ýµµ ´Ù¸¦ ¹Ù°¡ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¿©ÀÚµé Àüü¸¦ Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿©ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³²ÀÚÀÇ ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ´ëÁ¢Àº Àηù ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå ¾îµÎ¿î ½Ã´ëµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¦ Àå½ÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

When man was a hunter, he was fairly kind to woman, but after the domestication of animals, coupled with the Caligastia confusion, many tribes shamefully treated their women. They treated them altogether too much as they treated their animals. Man's brutal treatment of woman constitutes one of the darkest chapters of human history.


8. ¹®¸íÀÇ ÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒÀÎ ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ
 


8. SLAVERY AS A FACTOR IN CIVILIZATION

69:8.1

¿ø½ÃÀû »ç¶÷Àº Àڱ⠵¿·áµéÀ» ³ë¿¹·Î »ï´Â ÀÏ¿¡ °áÄÚ ¸Á¼³ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿©¼ºÀÌ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ³ë¿¹, °¡Á¤ÀÇ ³ë¿¹¿´´Ù. ¸ñÃàÀ» ÇÏ´Â ³²¼ºÀº ¿©¼ºÀ» ³ë¿¹È­ÇÏ¿© Àڱ⺸´Ù ¿­µîÇÑ ¼º(àõ) ´ë»óÀÚ·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ºÀû ³ë¿¹´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³²¼ºÀÇ ÀÇÁ¸µµ°¡ ÁÙ¾îµç °Í¿¡¼­ ±âÀεǾú´Ù.

Primitive man never hesitated to enslave his fellows. Woman was the first slave, a family slave. Pastoral man enslaved woman as his inferior sex partner. This sort of sex slavery grew directly out of man's decreased dependence upon woman.

69:8.2

¾ó¸¶ Àü±îÁö¸¸ ÇÏ¿©µµ ³ë¿¹¸¦ »ï´Â ÀÏÀº Á¤º¹ÀÚÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀüÀï Æ÷·Î¿¡°Ô ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. º¸´Ù ¸Õ ¿¾³¯¿¡´Â Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» Àâ¾Æ¸Ô°Å³ª, È­Çü ½ÃŰ°Å³ª, ¼­·Î ½Î¿ì°Ô Çϰųª, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû Á¸Àç¿¡°Ô Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡°Å³ª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ³ë¿¹·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ´Â ´ë·®ÇлìÀ̳ª »ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â °Íº¸´Ù´Â ¾öû³ª°Ô Áøº¸µÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

Not long ago enslavement was the lot of those military captives who refused to accept the conqueror's religion. In earlier times captives were either eaten, tortured to death, set to fighting each other, sacrificed to spirits, or enslaved. Slavery was a great advancement over massacre and cannibalism

69:8.3

³ë¿¹¸¦ »ï´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÀï Æ÷·Îµé¿¡°Ô ÀÚºñ¸¦ º£Çª´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ÇÑ ´Ü°è ÀüÁøÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌ Á¾Á·ÀÇ º¹º´µéÀÌ ³²ÀÚµé°ú ¿©ÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ¾î¸°¾ÆÀ̵é±îÁö ¸ðµÎ ÇлìÇϸ鼭, Á¤º¹Àڷμ­ÀÇ ÀÚ¸¸½ÉÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ã۱â À§ÇØ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ¿Õ¸¸À» »ì·ÁµÎ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº, ¹®¸íÀÎÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¹ÎÁ·µé±îÁöµµ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ ´ë·®ÇлìÀ» ÀÏ»ï¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Àû³ª¶óÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿À±×¸¦ ½À°ÝÇÑ ¹Ù»êÀÇ ¿Õ ¿ª½Ã ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°Ô È¿·ÂÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÀûÀ» ¡°Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°Ô ¼¶¸ê¡±ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¶¥À» ¸ø ¾²°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¡°¸ðµç ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸êÀýµÇ´Â¡± °íÅë ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¸ðµç ¼ºÀ¾¿¡°Ô Á¶°ø(ðÕÍø)À» ¹ÙÄ¡°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ç´ëÀÇ ºÎÁ·µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ºÎÁ·ÀûÀÎ À̱âÁÖÀǰ¡ ÈξÀ ´úÇÏ¿´°í, À¯´ÉÇÑ Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» ¾çÀÚ·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °ü·Ê°¡ ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú¾ú´Ù.

Enslavement was a forward step in the merciful treatment of war captives. The ambush of Ai, with the wholesale slaughter of men, women, and children, only the king being saved to gratify the conqueror's vanity, is a faithful picture of the barbaric slaughter practiced by even supposedly civilized peoples. The raid upon Og, the king of Bashan, was equally brutal and effective. The Hebrews "utterly destroyed" their enemies, taking all their property as spoils. They put all cities under tribute on pain of the "destruction of all males." But many of the contemporary tribes, those having less tribal egotism, had long since begun to practice the adoption of superior captives.

69:8.4

¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾°ú °°Àº »ç³É²ÛµéÀº ³ë¿¹¸¦ »ïÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» ¾çÀÚ·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰ųª Á׿´´Ù. ¸ñÃàÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¹ÎÁ·µé °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­´Â ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ°¡ Àû¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿ÀηÂÀÌ º°·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ¸é ¸ñÀÚ(ÙÌíº)µéÀº ¸ðµç ³²ÀÚµéÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ¾ÆÀ̵鸸À» ³ë¿¹·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ¹ýÀüÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» ¾Æ³»·Î »ï´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ưº°È÷ Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº, ¸¸Á·µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¿¡, µ¹·Áº¸³¾ ¼ö´Â ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¹è¿ìÀÚ°¡ µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹·Î ÆÄ´Â °ÍÀº Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¦¡±×°ÍÀº ¹®¸íÈ­¿¡ À־ Àû¾îµµ ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ºñ·Ï È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀÇ »çȸÀû ±Ô¹üÀÌ ¹Ì¼÷Çϱâ´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ÁÖº¯¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÎÁ·µéº¸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ¾Õ¼± °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

The hunter, like the American red man, did not enslave. He either adopted or killed his captives. Slavery was not prevalent among the pastoral peoples, for they needed few laborers. In war the herders made a practice of killing all men captives and taking as slaves only the women and children. The Mosaic code contained specific directions for making wives of these women captives. If not satisfactory, they could be sent away, but the Hebrews were not allowed to sell such rejected consorts as slaves -- that was at least one advance in civilization. Though the social standards of the Hebrews were crude, they were far above those of the surrounding tribes.

69:8.5

¸ñÀÚµéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÀÚº»°¡¿´´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ °¡Ãà ¶¼´Â ÀÚº»±Ý¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ¾ú°í, ±×µéÀº ÀÌÀڷΦ¡ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ Áõ°¡¦¡»ýȰÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ÀÌ Àç»êÀ» ³ë¿¹³ª ¿©Àڵ鿡 ¸Ã±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ±×µéÀÌ ³²ÀÚ Æ÷·ÎµéÀ» °Å´À·È°í ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¶¥À» Àϱ¸µµ·Ï ½ÃÄ×´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ³ó³ëÁ¦¦¡ÅäÁö¿¡ ºÎ¼ÓµÈ »ç¶÷¦¡ÀÇ ÃÊ±â ±â¿øÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ¶¥À» Àϱ¸´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ½±°Ô °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº °Å´ëÇÑ ³ë¿¹ ÀÎÁ¾À¸·Î Àü¶ôÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The herders were the first capitalists; their herds represented capital, and they lived on the interest -- the natural increase. And they were disinclined to trust this wealth to the keeping of either slaves or women. But later on they took male prisoners and forced them to cultivate the soil. This is the early origin of serfdom -- man attached to the land. The Africans could easily be taught to till the soil; hence they became the great slave race.

69:8.6

³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â Àΰ£ ¹®¸íÀÇ ¿¬°á °í¸®µé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÉ ÇϳªÀÇ °í¸®¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº È¥µ·°ú °ÔÀ¸¸§ÀÇ »óÅ·κÎÅÍ Áú¼­¿Í ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ Ȱµ¿À¸·Î ¿Å¾Æ°¡´Â ´Ù¸®¿´À¸¸ç; Áøº¸°¡ ´À¸®°í ³ªÅÂÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéº¸´Ù ¿ì¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »çȸÀûÀÎ ÁøÃâÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Àç»ê°ú ¿©°¡ ½Ã°£À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Slavery was an indispensable link in the chain of human civilization. It was the bridge over which society passed from chaos and indolence to order and civilized activities; it compelled backward and lazy peoples to work and thus provide wealth and leisure for the social advancement of their superiors.

69:8.7

³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿ø½Ã »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶Á¤ ±â´É±¸Á¶¸¦ â¾ÈÇϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; Á¤ºÎ ÇüŰ¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǵµ·Ï ¿øÀÎÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ ¹ý±Ô¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À¯·´ÀÇ Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ À̰ÍÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ºÀ°Ç ±ºÁÖµéÀÌ ³ë¿¹µéÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Áøº¸°¡ ´À¸° °í´ëÀÇ ºÎÁ·µéÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ ¿øÁֹεéó·³, ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÇÑ ¹øµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

The institution of slavery compelled man to invent the regulative mechanism of primitive society; it gave origin to the beginnings of government. Slavery demands strong regulation and during the European Middle Ages virtually disappeared because the feudal lords could not control the slaves. The backward tribes of ancient times, like the native Australians of today, never had slaves.

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»ç½Ç, ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â ¾ÐÁ¦ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ê¾÷À» ¹è¿î °ÍÀº °í³­½º·¯¿î ±× Çб³¿¡¼­¿´´Ù. °á±¹ ±× ³ë¿¹µéÀº, ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï °­Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î µµ¿ÍÁÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ¿´´ø ³ôÀº »çȸ°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ÃູµéÀ» ¼­·Î ³ª´©°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â ¹®È­ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷°ú »çȸÀûÀÎ Áøº¸¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÏÁö¸¸, °¡Àå ½É°¢ÇÑ ¸ðµç ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ »çȸÀû º´ÆóµéÀÌ µÇ¾î °ð »çȸ¸¦ ³»ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î ±³È°ÇÏ°Ô °ø°ÝÇÑ´Ù.

True, slavery was oppressive, but it was in the schools of oppression that man learned industry. Eventually the slaves shared the blessings of a higher society which they had so unwillingly helped create. Slavery creates an organization of culture and social achievement but soon insidiously attacks society internally as the gravest of all destructive social maladies.

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±Ù´ëÀÇ ±â°è ¹ß¸íÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ³ë¿¹°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â, ÀϺδÙóÁ¦Ã³·³, ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °©ÀÛ½º·´°Ô ¸¹Àº ¼ýÀÚÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀº Ç×»ó ºñÂüÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ ÇÑ´Ù; ±×µéÀÌ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØÅ»µÉ ¶§ ¹®Á¦°¡ Àû°Ô ¹ß»ýµÈ´Ù.

Modern mechanical invention rendered the slave obsolete. Slavery, like polygamy, is passing because it does not pay. But it has always proved disastrous suddenly to liberate great numbers of slaves; less trouble ensues when they are gradually emancipated.

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¿À´Ã³¯, »ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸÀûÀÎ ³ë¿¹´Â ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸, ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ºúÀ» Áö°Ô ÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹·Î »ïÀ¸·Á´Â ¾ß½ÉÀ» ǰ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ »õ·Ó°íµµ °³¼±µÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ º¯ÇüµÈ »ê¾÷Àû ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Today, men are not social slaves, but thousands allow ambition to enslave them to debt. Involuntary slavery has given way to a new and improved form of modified industrial servitude.

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º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é, °ÔÀ¸¸§ÀÌ ¹¬ÀεǾ´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. °Ç°­ÇÑ À°Ã¼¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº Àû¾îµµ ÀÚ¾Æ-ÀÚ¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤µµÀÇ ÀÏÀ» °­Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î¶óµµ ÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

While the ideal of society is universal freedom, idleness should never be tolerated. All able-bodied persons should be compelled to do at least a self-sustaining amount of work.

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Çö´ë »çȸ´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁ³°í; ±æµéÀÎ µ¿¹°µµ »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹®¸íÀº ÈûÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ºÒ¦¡¹«±âüÀÇ ¼¼°è¦¡À» ÇâÇÏ¿© µÇµ¹¾Æ ³» »¸°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ºÒ, µ¿¹°, ±×¸®°í ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ¾ß¸¸Àû »óÅ·κÎÅÍ ¿Ã¶ó ¿Ô´Âµ¥, ¿À´Ã³¯ »ç¶÷Àº ³ë¿¹ÀÇ µµ¿ò°ú µ¿¹°µéÀÇ º¸Á¶¸¦ µÚ·Î ¹ö·Á°¡¸é¼­, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿ø¼Ò â°í(óÚÍ·)·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ºÎ(Ý£)¿Í ÈûÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ºñ¹Ð°ú ±Ù¿øÀ» Â¥³»·Á°í Ãß±¸ÇÏ¸ç ³»»¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Modern society is in reverse. Slavery has nearly disappeared; domesticated animals are passing. Civilization is reaching back to fire -- the inorganic world -- for power. Man came up from savagery by way of fire, animals, and slavery; today he reaches back, discarding the help of slaves and the assistance of animals, while he seeks to wrest new secrets and sources of wealth and power from the elemental storehouse of nature.


9. »çÀ¯Àç»ê
 


9. PRIVATE PROPERTY

69:9.1

¿ø½Ã »çȸ°¡ »ç½Ç»ó °øµ¿ »çȸ¿´´ø ¹Ý¸é, ¿ø½ÃÀû »ç¶÷Àº °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ù´ëÀû Çм³°ú´Â °Å¸®°¡ ¸Õ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱ⠽ôëÀÇ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀ̳ª »çȸÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç; ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ÀÚµ¿ Á¶ÀýÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡ ºó°ïÇÑ »óÅÂ¿Í °áÇÌÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ¿´°í; °í´ëÀÇ ºÎÁ·µéÀº ±¸°É°ú Ÿ¶ôÀº °ÅÀÇ »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Â »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

While primitive society was virtually communal, primitive man did not adhere to the modern doctrines of communism. The communism of these early times was not a mere theory or social doctrine; it was a simple and practical automatic adjustment. Communism prevented pauperism and want; begging and prostitution were almost unknown among these ancient tribes.

69:9.2

¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Â÷¿øÀ» À¯º°³ª°Ô ³·Ãá °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Æò¹üÇÑ »óŸ¦ °í¾ç½ÃŰÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, °ÔÀ¸¸§°ú ³ªÅÂÇÔÀ» Àå·ÁÇÏ¿´°í, »ê¾÷À» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾ß¸ÁÀ» ¼Ò¸ê½ÃÄ×´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿ø½Ã »çȸÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ À־ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÉ ¹ßÆÇÀ̱â´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ 4°¡Áö ¼ºÇâ¿¡ °Å½½¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¸´Ù ³ôÀº »çȸ °èÃþÀ¸·Î ÁøÈ­µÇµµ·Ï ±æÀ» ºñÄÑÁÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù:

Primitive communism did not especially level men down, nor did it exalt mediocrity, but it did put a premium on inactivity and idleness, and it did stifle industry and destroy ambition. Communism was indispensable scaffolding in the growth of primitive society, but it gave way to the evolution of a higher social order because it ran counter to four strong human proclivities:

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1. °¡Á·. »ç¶÷Àº Àç»ê ÃàÀûÀ» °¥¸ÁÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó; ÀÚ±â Àç¹°µéÀ» Àڼյ鿡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁֱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ø½ÃÀû °ø»ê »çȸ¿¡ À־ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚ»êÀº Áï½Ã ¼ÒºñµÇ°Å³ª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×°¡ Á×¾úÀ» ¶§ Áý´Üµé¿¡°Ô ºÐ¹èµÇ¾ú´Ù. Áõ¿©µÇ´Â Àç»êÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.¦¡Áõ¿©¼¼°¡ 100%¿´´Ù. ÃàÀûµÈ ÀÚ»ê°ú ºÎµ¿»êÀ» Áõ¿©ÇÏ´Â ÈÄ´ëÀÇ »çȸ°ü·Ê´Â ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ »çȸÀû Áøº¸¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÚº»ÀÌ À߸ø »ç¿ëµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ºÎ¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ßºñÇÑ ¾Ç¿ëÀÌ µÚµû¶úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, À̰ÍÀº Ʋ¸²¾ø´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù.

1. The family. Man not only craves to accumulate property; he desires to bequeath his capital goods to his progeny. But in early communal society a man's capital was either immediately consumed or distributed among the group at his death. There was no inheritance of property -- the inheritance tax was one hundred per cent. The later capital-accumulation and property-inheritance mores were a distinct social advance. And this is true notwithstanding the subsequent gross abuses attendant upon the misuse of capital.

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2. Á¾±³Àû ¼ºÇâµé. ¿ø½Ã »ç¶÷Àº Â÷ÈÄÀÇ ½ÇÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â »îÀ» À§ÇÑ Åä´ë·Î½á Àç»êÀ» ¸ðÀ¸±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¿±â ¶§¹®¿¡, »ç¶÷À» ¸ÅÀåÇÒ ¶§ ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÀåǰµéÀ» ÇÔ²² ¹¯´Â dz½ÀÀÌ ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ ÇàÇØÁ³´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ºÎÀڵ鸸ÀÌ ¾î¶² Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ±â»Ý°ú Á¸¾öÀ» °®Ãá Á×À½¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ³­´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. °è½ÃµÈ Á¾±³¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¼±»ýµéÀº, Ưº°È÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¼±»ýµéÀº, °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéµµ ºÎÀÚµé°ú ¶È°°Àº Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ±¸¿øÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» óÀ½À¸·Î ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

2. Religious tendencies. Primitive man also wanted to save up property as a nucleus for starting life in the next existence. This motive explains why it was so long the custom to bury a man's personal belongings with him. The ancients believed that only the rich survived death with any immediate pleasure and dignity. The teachers of revealed religion, more especially the Christian teachers, were the first to proclaim that the poor could have salvation on equal terms with the rich.

69:9.5

3. ÇØ¹æ°ú ¿©°¡ ½Ã°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸Á. »çȸÀû ÁøÈ­ÀÇ Ãʱâ½Ã´ë¿¡ À־, Áý´Ü ¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¼Òµæ ºÐ¹è´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë¿¹Á¦µµÀÇ ÇÑ ÇüÅ¿´À¸¸ç; ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº °ÔÀ¸¸§¹ðÀ̵鿡°Ô ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ Ȥ»çµÇ¾ú´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡ ÀÚ¸êÇÏ°Ô µÈ Çã¾à¼ºÀº: Àå·¡¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àý¾àÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½À°üÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­µµ, Àå·¡¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¹°¡(Àý¾àÇÏ´Â ¼¼±Ý ³³ºÎÀÚµé)·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ±âµéÀ» µ¹º¸µµ·Ï ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ»êÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡¸¸È÷ ¾É¾Æ¼­ Àڱ⸦ ¸Ô¿©ÁÙ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

3. The desire for liberty and leisure. In the earlier days of social evolution the apportionment of individual earnings among the group was virtually a form of slavery; the worker was made slave to the idler. This was the suicidal weakness of communism: The improvident habitually lived off the thrifty. Even in modern times the improvident depend on the state (thrifty taxpayers) to take care of them. Those who have no capital still expect those who have to feed them.

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4. ¾ÈÀü°ú ±Ç¼¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæµ¿. °ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â, Àڱ⠺ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¹«±â·ÂÇÑ °ÔÀ¸¸§¹ðÀ̵鿡°Ô ¿¹¼ÓµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª·Á´Â ³ë·Â ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¸½ÇµéÀ» ³»¼¼¿ì¸é¼­ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â Áøº¸ÀûÀÌ°í ¼º°øÀûÀÎ °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ ÇöȤ½ÃŰ´Â Ã¥·«¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¶Ä§³» ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª óÀ½¿¡´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ ÃàÀûµÇ¾ú°í; ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÚº»ÀÇ °ø°³ÀûÀÎ ÃàÀûÀÌ ¹æÇصǾú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÈÄ´ë¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­µµ, ³Ê¹« ¸¹Àº Àç»êÀ» ¸ðÀ¸´Â ÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ¿ÕÀº ºÎÀÚÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾Ð¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² °è·«, ºÎÀÚ°¡ Á×¾úÀ» ¶§ ±× °¡Á·ÀÌ ´ëÁßµéÀÇ º¹Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ¶Ç´Â ¿Õ¿¡°Ô ¸¹Àº µ·À» »ó¼Ó¼¼·Î ¹ÙÄ¥ ¶§±îÁö Àå·Ê¸¦ Ä¡¸£Áö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ºñÃ¥(Ýúóþ)À» ²Ù¹Ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

4. The urge for security and power. Communism was finally destroyed by the deceptive practices of progressive and successful individuals who resorted to diverse subterfuges in an effort to escape enslavement to the shiftless idlers of their tribes. But at first all hoarding was secret; primitive insecurity prevented the outward accumulation of capital. And even at a later time it was most dangerous to amass too much wealth; the king would be sure to trump up some charge for confiscating a rich man's property, and when a wealthy man died, the funeral was held up until the family donated a large sum to public welfare or to the king, an inheritance tax.

69:9.7

¾ÆÁÖ ¸Õ ¿¾³¯¿¡´Â ¿©ÀεéÀÌ ±× °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Àç»êÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ °¡Á·À» Áö¹èÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ãʱ⠽ôëÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µéÀÌ ¸ðµç ¶¥À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ¿´°í ¸ðµç ¿©ÀεéÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿´À¸¸ç; °áÈ¥À» Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ±× ºÎÁ· ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ Çã¶ôÀ» ¾ò¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡ ¹°·¯³ª¸é¼­, ¿©ÀεéÀº °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÀ¯µÇ¾ú°í, Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ °¡Á¤ÀÇ Á¶Á¤±ÇÀ» Çà»çÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© °¡Á¤ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, ³Î¸® ÇàÇØÁö´ø ÀϺδÙóÁ¦ °ü½ÀµéÀº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϺÎÀÏóÁ¦·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù. (ÀϺδÙóÁ¦´Â °áÈ¥¿¡ À־ ¿©¼º-³ë¿¹Á¦µµ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ÀÜÁ¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺÎÀÏóÁ¦´Â, °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¼³¸³, ÀÚ³à ¾çÀ°, °øµ¿ ¹®È­, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¾Æ-Çâ»óÀ̶ó´Â ´õ ¾øÀÌ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¸ðÇèÀû ü°è ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÇÑ ³²ÀÚ¿Í ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ°¡ °¡Àå ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·é´Ù´Â ³ë¿¹-ÇØ¹æÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù.)

In earliest times women were the property of the community, and the mother dominated the family. The early chiefs owned all the land and were proprietors of all the women; marriage required the consent of the tribal ruler. With the passing of communism, women were held individually, and the father gradually assumed domestic control. Thus the home had its beginning, and the prevailing polygamous customs were gradually displaced by monogamy. (Polygamy is the survival of the female-slavery element in marriage. Monogamy is the slave-free ideal of the matchless association of one man and one woman in the exquisite enterprise of home building, offspring rearing, mutual culture, and self-improvement.)

69:9.8

óÀ½¿¡´Â, ¿¬Àåµé°ú ¹«±âµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç Àç»êÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÀÇ °øµ¿ ¼ÒÀ¯¿´´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Àç»êÀº Á÷Á¢ ¼ÕÀ» ´í ¸ðµç ¹°°Çµé·Î ¸ÕÀú ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³¸¼± »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸©¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹°À» ¸¶¼Ì´Ù¸é, ±× ±×¸©Àº ±× ¶§ºÎÅÍ ±×ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â, ÇǸ¦ »Ñ¸° Àå¼Ò´Â ¾îµðµçÁö »óó¸¦ ³½ ±× »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â Áý´ÜÀÇ Àç»êÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

At first, all property, including tools and weapons, was the common possession of the tribe. Private property first consisted of all things personally touched. If a stranger drank from a cup, the cup was henceforth his. Next, any place where blood was shed became the property of the injured person or group.

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±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ »çÀ¯Àç»êÀº ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ °³ÀμºÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀ» ä¿öÁØ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÇ ¹Ì½ÅÀ» Åä´ë·Î ÇÏ¿© Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Á÷¼ºÀÌ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, °³Àο¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ °ÍÀ» Áöų Çʿ䰡 ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ Àç¹°µéÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±× Áý´Ü ³»¿¡¼­´Â ÈÉÄ¡´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Àç»ê°úÀÇ °ü°è´Â Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ²÷¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç; óÀ½¿¡´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹°°ÇµéÀ» ºÒ¿¡ Å¿ü°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ½Ãü¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹¯¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÈÄ´ë¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­´Â ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â °¡Á·µéÀ̳ª ºÎÁ·¿¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

Private property was thus originally respected because it was supposed to be charged with some part of the owner's personality. Property honesty rested safely on this type of superstition; no police were needed to guard personal belongings. There was no stealing within the group, though men did not hesitate to appropriate the goods of other tribes. Property relations did not end with death; early, personal effects were burned, then buried with the dead, and later, inherited by the surviving family or by the tribe.

69:9.10

Àå½Å±¸ Á¾·ùÀÇ °³ÀÎ ¼ÒÁöǰµéÀº ¸¶·ÂÀ» ¸ö¿¡ Áö´Ñ´Ù´Â °³³ä¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±Í½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òÀº, Ç㿵½É°ú ÇÔ²² Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀڱⰡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â ¸¶¹ýÀÇ ¹°°ÇµéÀ» °¡Á®°¡·Á´Â ¾î¶² °ø°Ýµµ ¿ë¼­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯¹°Àº »ýȰÇʼöǰµéº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ±ÍÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁ³´Ù.

The ornamental type of personal effects originated in the wearing of charms. Vanity plus ghost fear led early man to resist all attempts to relieve him of his favorite charms, such property being valued above necessities.

69:9.11

ÀáÀ» ÀÚ´Â °ø°£Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ Ãʱâ Àç»êµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ±× Áý´ÜÀ» À§ÇØ ¸ðµç ºÎµ¿»êÀ» ¸Ã°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁýÅͰ¡ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀ¹°í ºÒÀ» ÇÇ¿ì´Â ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö·Î ÁÖ¾îÁ³°í, ´õ Èı⿡´Â ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¶¥¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ¼±Á¤µÈ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù.

Sleeping space was one of man's earliest properties. Later, homesites were assigned by the tribal chiefs, who held all real estate in trust for the group. Presently a fire site conferred ownership; and still later, a well constituted title to the adjacent land.

69:9.12

¹°±¸µ¢À̵é°ú ¿ì¹°µéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °³ÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ ¼þ¹è ½À°ü Àüü´Â ¹°±¸µ¢À̵é, ¿ì¹°µé, ³ª¹«µé, ³óÀÛ¹°µé, ±×¸®°í ²ÜÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ ¼þ¹è¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ »ç¶óÁø ÈÄ¿¡´Â, °³Àο¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ °ÍµéÀ» Áö۱â À§ÇÏ¿© ¹ý±Ô°¡ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ö·Æ¹ý, »ç³ÉÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®°¡ ÅäÁö¹ýº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Àü¿¡ »ý°å´Ù. ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾Àº ¶¥À» °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÇô ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¹é»ö ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÇ °üÁ¡À» ³³µæÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

Water holes and wells were among the first private possessions. The whole fetish practice was utilized to guard water holes, wells, trees, crops, and honey. Following the loss of faith in the fetish, laws were evolved to protect private belongings. But game laws, the right to hunt, long preceded land laws. The American red man never understood private ownership of land; he could not comprehend the white man's view.

69:9.13

°³ÀÎ »çÀ¯Áö´Â ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ °¡Á· Ç¥½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥½ÃµÇ¾ú°í, À̰ÍÀº °¡Á· ¹®ÀåÀÇ È¿½Ã°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÎµ¿»ê ¿ª½Ã ¿µµéÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. »çÁ¦µéÀº ¶¥À» ¡°½Å¼ºÇϰԡ± ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±× À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁø ¸¶¹ýÀ» °¡Áø ŸºÎÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖµéÀº ±× ¶§ºÎÅÍ ¡°»çÁ¦µéÀÇ Áõ¼­¡±¸¦ °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÎ¸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡Á· °æ°èÇ¥µéÀ» ¹«Ã´ Á¸ÁßÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥: ¡°ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ °æ°èÇ¥¸¦ ¿Å±â´Â ÀÚ´Â ÀúÁÖ¸¦ ¹ÞÀ»Áö¾î´Ù.¡±¶ó°í ÀûÇô ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µ¹·Î ¸¸µç ÀÌ Ç¥Áöµé À§¿¡´Â »çÁ¦µéÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ »õ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̸§ÀÌ »õ°ÜÁú ¶§¿¡´Â ³ª¹«µéÁ¶Â÷µµ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Private property was early marked by family insignia, and this is the early origin of family crests. Real estate could also be put under the watchcare of spirits. The priests would "consecrate" a piece of land, and it would then rest under the protection of the magic taboos erected thereon. Owners thereof were said to have a "priest's title." The Hebrews had great respect for these family landmarks: "Cursed be he who removes his neighbor's landmark." These stone markers bore the priest's initials. Even trees, when initialed, became private property.

69:9.14

Ãʱ⠽ô뿡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ³óÀÛ¹°¸¸ÀÌ »çÀ¯ Àç»êÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¿¬¼ÓµÇ´Â ³óÀÛ¹°ÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ³ó¾÷Àº ¶¥À» »çÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ±â¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀº »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡¸¸ ¶¥ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³°í, Á×Àº ÈÄ¿¡´Â ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯·Î µÇµ¹·ÁÁ³´Ù. ¶¥ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ °³º°Á¸Àç¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿©µÈ °¡Àå ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ¹«´ý¦¡°¡Á· °øµ¿¹¦Áö¦¡À̾ú´Ù. ÈÄ´ë¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­, ¶¥Àº ´ãÀ» ¼¼¿î »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ºÀ¾µéÀº Æ÷À§ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¶§¿¡ »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °øµ¿ ¸ñÃÊÁö·Î ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¶¥À» ¿¹ºñÇØ µÎ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¡°°øµ¿ ÅäÁö¡±´Â ÃʱâÀÇ °øµ¿ ¼ÒÀ¯ °³³äÀÌ ÀÜÁ¸µÈ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.

In early days only the crops were private, but successive crops conferred title; agriculture was thus the genesis of the private ownership of land. Individuals were first given only a life tenureship; at death land reverted to the tribe. The very first land titles granted by tribes to individuals were graves -- family burying grounds. In later times land belonged to those who fenced it. But the cities always reserved certain lands for public pasturage and for use in case of siege; these "commons" represent the survival of the earlier form of collective ownership.

69:9.15

°á±¹¿¡´Â ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®´Â´Ù´Â Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î, ±¹°¡°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦ °³º°Á¸Àçµé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾îÁÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥ ÀÓÀÚµéÀº, ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» º¸ÀåÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé¸é¼­, ¶¥À» ºô·ÁÁØ »éÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¶¥Àº ¼ÒµæÀÇ ±Ù¿ø¦¡ÀÚº»¦¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ¶¥Àº ÆÇ¸Å, ÀÌÀü, Àú´ç, ´ãº¸ ±Ç¸® »ó½ÇÀÇ ¹æ¹ý°ú ÇÔ²² Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ¸Å¸ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

Eventually the state assigned property to the individual, reserving the right of taxation. Having made secure their titles, landlords could collect rents, and land became a source of income -- capital. Finally land became truly negotiable, with sales, transfers, mortgages, and foreclosures.

69:9.16

»çÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀº ÇØ¹æÀ» Áõ´ë½ÃÄ×°í ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃÄ×Áö¸¸; ¶¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ °øµ¿ »çȸÀÇ Á¶Á¤°ú Áö½Ã°¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡¼­¾ß »çȸÀûÀÎ ÀÎÁ¤ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, °ð ±× µÚ¸¦ À̾ ³ë¿¹µé°ú ³ó³ëµé ±×¸®°í ¶¥ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °è±ÞµéÀÌ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °³¼±µÈ ±â°èµéÀÌ, ÀÏ¿¡ ³ë¿¹ µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¡Â÷ ¹þ¾î³ª°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Private ownership brought increased liberty and enhanced stability; but private ownership of land was given social sanction only after communal control and direction had failed, and it was soon followed by a succession of slaves, serfs, and landless classes. But improved machinery is gradually setting men free from slavish toil.

69:9.17

Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ç¸®´Â Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í; ¼øÀüÈ÷ »çȸÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤ºÎ, ¹ý, °èÃþ, Æòµî±Ç, »çȸÀû ÇØ¹æ, °ü½À, ÆòÈ­ ±×¸®°í ÇູÀÇ Àüü´Â, Çö´ëÀεéÀÌ À̰͵éÀ» ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, Àç»êÀ» °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

The right to property is not absolute; it is purely social. But all government, law, order, civil rights, social liberties, conventions, peace, and happiness, as they are enjoyed by modern peoples, have grown up around the private ownership of property.

69:9.18

ÇöÀçÀÇ »çȸ °èÃþÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸¦¡°Å·èÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í ½Å¼ºÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ½¦¡, Àηù´Â ¼­¼­È÷ º¯È­¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÏ´Â µ¥ À־ Àß ´ëóÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ÊÈñ°¡ ÇöÀç ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº, ³ÊÈñ Á¶»óµéÀÌ ¾Ë¾Ò´ø ¾î¶² ü°èº¸´Ùµµ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¿ùµîÇÏ´Ù. ³ÊÈñ°¡ »çȸÀûÀÎ º¯È­¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ´õ ³ªÀº ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î º¯È­½Ã۰í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇØ¶ó. ³ÊÈñ Á¶»óµéÀÌ Æó±â½ÃÄ×´ø »óÅõÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ´Ù½Ã ½ÃµµÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¸¶¶ó. ÈÄÅðÇÏÁö ¸»°í ÀüÁøÇضó! ÁøÈ­°¡ °è¼ÓµÇµµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇØ¶ó! µÞ°ÉÀ½Áú Ä¡Áö ¸¶¶ó.

The present social order is not necessarily right -- not divine or sacred -- but mankind will do well to move slowly in making changes. That which you have is vastly better than any system known to your ancestors. Make certain that when you change the social order you change for the better. Do not be persuaded to experiment with the discarded formulas of your forefathers. Go forward, not backward! Let evolution proceed! Do not take a backward step.

69:9.19

[³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ½]

Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.