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PAPER 70

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 THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN GOVERNMENT

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»ç¶÷Àº »ýȰÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, Àΰ£ »óÈ£°£ÀÇ °è¾àÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¦¿¡ ºÎµúÃÆ´Ù. »ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀº ¹ý°ú Áú¼­ ±×¸®°í »çȸÀû Á¶ÀýÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´°í, Àç»êÀÇ »çÀ¯È­·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

NO SOONER had man partially solved the problem of making a living than he was confronted with the task of regulating human contacts. The development of industry demanded law, order, and social adjustment; private property necessitated government.

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ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è¿¡¼­´Â, ¹Ý¸ñÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÆòÈ­´Â ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¶Á¤ ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ º¸ÀåµÈ´Ù. »çȸÀûÀÎ Á¶Á¤Àº »çȸÀû Á¶Á÷°ú ºÒ°¡ºÐ(ÜôʦÝÂ)ÀÇ °ü°èÀ̰í; ¿¬ÇÕÀº ´Ù¼Ò°£ÀÇ Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ» ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ´Â ºÎÁ·µé, ¾¾Á·µé, °¡Á·µé ±×¸®°í °¢ °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀ» ÇÕµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù.

On an evolutionary world, antagonisms are natural; peace is secured only by some sort of social regulative system. Social regulation is inseparable from social organization; association implies some controlling authority. Government compels the co-ordination of the antagonisms of the tribes, clans, families, and individuals.

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Á¤ºÎ´Â ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¸ç; ½ÃÇàÂø¿À¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î °£´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »ýÁ¸ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀº ÀüÅëÀûÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎ »óÅ´ °íÅëÀ» Áõ´ë½Ã۱⠶§¹®¿¡, Á¤ºÎ, »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ¹ý°ú Áú¼­°¡ ¼­¼­È÷ â¹ßµÇ°Å³ª â¹ßÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÀçÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­Á¦Àû ¿ä±¸´Â Àΰ£µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¤¸»·Î ¹®¸í¿¡ À̸£´Â Áøº¸Àû ±æÀ» °Èµµ·Ï ¸ô¾ÆºÙÀδÙ.

Government is an unconscious development; it evolves by trial and error. It does have survival value; therefore it becomes traditional. Anarchy augmented misery; therefore government, comparative law and order, slowly emerged or is emerging. The coercive demands of the struggle for existence literally drove the human race along the progressive road to civilization.


1. ÀüÀïÀÇ ±â¿ø
 


1. THE GENESIS OF WAR

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ÀüÀïÀº ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í À¯»êÀ̸ç; ÆòÈ­´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ ¹ßÀü Á¤µµ¸¦ Àç´Â »çȸÀû ôµµÀÌ´Ù. Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â Á¾Á·µéÀÌ ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ »çȸȭ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç±â Àü¿¡, »ç¶÷Àº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ °³º°ÀûÀ̰í, ¸÷½Ã Àǽɽº·¯¿öÇϸç, ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î È£ÀüÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢, ÀÚ¿¬À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÈ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ÀÚµ¿ ¹Ý»çÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÇ×ÀÎ ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ÀüÀïÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌ ÇൿµéÀÌ Áý´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ´Â °Í¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹®¸íÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀÌ »çȸ ¹ßÀüÀÇ º¹À⼺À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¾Ð¹Ú°¨À» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â ¾î´À °÷À̵çÁö ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ¶§µçÁö, Àΰ£Àû »óÈ£¿¬Çյ鿡 ¼ö¹ÝµÇ´Â ÀڱصéÀ» ³­ÆøÇÏ°Ô Á¶ÀýÇÏ·Á´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱ⠹æ¹ýµé·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡´Â Áï½ÃÀûÀÌ°í ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀÌ Ç×»ó Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.

War is the natural state and heritage of evolving man; peace is the social yardstick measuring civilization's advancement. Before the partial socialization of the advancing races man was exceedingly individualistic, extremely suspicious, and unbelievably quarrelsome. Violence is the law of nature, hostility the automatic reaction of the children of nature, while war is but these same activities carried on collectively. And wherever and whenever the fabric of civilization becomes stressed by the complications of society's advancement, there is always an immediate and ruinous reversion to these early methods of violent adjustment of the irritations of human interassociations.

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ÀüÀïÀº ¿ÀÇØ¿Í Àڱص鿡 ´ëÇÑ µ¿¹°Àû ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ̸ç; ÆòÈ­´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦¿Í ¾î·Á¿òµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ ÇØ°áÃ¥¿¡ ¼ö¹ÝµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ê±ã ÀÎÁ¾µéÀº, ÈÄ´ëÀÇ Å¸¶ôÇÑ ¾Æ´ã ÀÚ¼Õµé°ú ³ò ÀÚ¼Õµé°ú ÇÔ²², ¸ðµÎ È£ÀüÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾Èµ· ÀÚ¼ÕµéÀº ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ È²±Ý·üÀ» ¹è¿ü°í, ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁöµµ, ±×µéÀÇ ÈļÕÀÎ ¿¡½ºÅ°¸ðÀÎ µéÀº ±× ±Ô¹üÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹ÀÌ Áö۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç; ±×µéÀº °ü½ÀÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô Áö۱⠶§¹®¿¡, ³­ÆøÇÑ ¹Ý¸ñÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ¾ø´Â ÆíÀÌ´Ù.

War is an animalistic reaction to misunderstandings and irritations; peace attends upon the civilized solution of all such problems and difficulties. The Sangik races, together with the later deteriorated Adamites and Nodites, were all belligerent. The Andonites were early taught the golden rule, and, even today, their Eskimo descendants live very much by that code; custom is strong among them, and they are fairly free from violent antagonisms.

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¾Èµ·Àº ÀÚ±â Àڼյ鿡°Ô, °¢ÀÚ ³ª¹«¸¦ ÇâÇÏ¿© ÀúÁÖ¸¦ ÆÛºÎÀ¸¸é¼­ ÀÛÀº ¸·´ë±â·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¶§¸®°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½Î¿òÀ» ÁøÁ¤½Ã۵µ·Ï °¡¸£ÃÆÀ¸¸ç; ¸·´ë±â°¡ ¸ÕÀú ºÎ·¯Áö´Â ÂÊÀÌ ½Â¸®ÀÚ°¡ µÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¾Èµ· ÈÄ¿¹µéÀº, °ø°³ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÏ°í ½Î¿ì´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¼­·Î¸¦ Èñ·ÕÇÏ°í ºñ¿ôµµ·Ï ½ÃÄ×°í, ±×¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ °ü°´µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹Ú¼ö°¥Ã¤ÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½Â¸®ÀÚ¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½Î¿òÀ» ÁøÁ¤½Ã۰ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Andon taught his children to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later Andonites used to settle disputes by holding a public show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the audience decided the winner by its applause.

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±×·¯³ª »çȸ°¡ ÆòÈ­·Î¿î ±â°£À» ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î üÇèÇϰí È£ÀüÀûÀÎ ½À°üÀ» Á¦ÀçÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ÈξÀ ´õ ÁøÈ­µÉ ¶§±îÁö ÀüÀïÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Çö»óÀº ÀϾ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ °³³äÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

But there could be no such phenomenon as war until society had evolved sufficiently far to actually experience periods of peace and to sanction warlike practices. The very concept of war implies some degree of organization.

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»çȸÀûÀÎ Áý´ÜÈ­ÀÇ Ã¢¹ß°ú ÇÔ²², °³º°ÀûÀÎ ÀڱصéÀº Áý´ÜÀû °¨Á¤ ¼ÓÀ¸·Î ¼û°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ºÎÁ· °£ÀÇ ÆòÈ­¸¦ Èñ»ý½ÃŰ´Â ´ë½Å ºÎÁ· ³»ºÎÀÇ Æò¿ÂÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÆòÈ­´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ±× Áý´Ü¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÚµé, À̹æÀεéÀ» Ç×»ó ½È¾îÇÏ°í ¹Ì¿öÇÏ´Â Áý´Ü ¶Ç´Â ºÎÁ· ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷Àº À̹æÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÇǸ¦ È긮°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ´ö¸ñÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´´Ù.

With the emergence of social groupings, individual irritations began to be submerged in the group feelings, and this promoted intratribal tranquillity but at the expense of intertribal peace. Peace was thus first enjoyed by the in-group, or tribe, who always disliked and hated the out-group, foreigners. Early man regarded it a virtue to shed alien blood.

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±×·¯³ª À̰͵µ óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⠿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µéÀÌ ¿ÀÇØµéÀ» Á¦°Å½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ±×µéÀº ºÎÁ·³¢¸® Åõ¼®Àü(÷áà´îú)À» Çϵµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ, Àû¾îµµ ÀÏ ³â¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø¾¿Àº ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Á¾Á¾ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ¾¾Á·Àº µÎ °³ÀÇ Áý´Üµé·Î ³ª´µ¾î ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ ½Î¿ü´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Àç¹Ì¸¦ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú°í; ±×µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Î¿òÀ» Áñ°å´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But even this did not work at first. When the early chiefs would try to iron out misunderstandings, they often found it necessary, at least once a year, to permit the tribal stone fights. The clan would divide up into two groups and engage in an all-day battle. And this for no other reason than just the fun of it; they really enjoyed fighting.

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ÀüÀïÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Àΰ£, µ¿¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú°í, ¸ðµç µ¿¹°µéÀº È£ÀüÀûÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡, Áö¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ°Ô µÈ Ãʱ⠿øÀεé Áß¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:

Warfare persists because man is human, evolved from an animal, and all animals are bellicose. Among the early causes of war were:

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1. ±¾ÁÖ¸², À½½ÄÀ» °­Å»Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µê. ¶¥ÀÇ ºÎÁ·Àº Ç×»ó ÀüÀïÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅõÀïµéÀÇ ¿ÍÁß¿¡¼­ Ãʱ⿡ ÆòÈ­·Ó´ø ºÎÁ·µéÀº ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸êÀýµÇ¾ú´Ù.

1. Hunger, which led to food raids. Scarcity of land has always brought on war, and during these struggles the early peace tribes were practically exterminated.

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2. ¿©¼ºÀÇ ºÎÁ·¦¡°¡»ç¸¦ µ¹º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀηÂÀÇ ºÎÁ·À» °æ°¨½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÔ. ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ÈÉÄ¡´Â ÀÏÀº Ç×»ó ÀüÀïÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

2. Woman scarcity -- an attempt to relieve a shortage of domestic help. Woman stealing has always caused war.

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3. Ç㿵½É¦¡ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿ë¸Í¼ºÀ» °ú½ÃÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿å¸Á. ¿ì¼öÇÑ Áý´ÜµéÀº ¿­µîÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ »ýȰ ¹æ½ÄÀ» °­¿äÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ì·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

3. Vanity -- the desire to exhibit tribal prowess. Superior groups would fight to impose their mode of life upon inferior peoples.

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4. ³ë¿¹µé¦¡³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±Þ È®º¸ÀÇ Çʿ伺.

4. Slaves -- need of recruits for the labor ranks.

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5. º¹¼ö´Â, ÇÑ ºÎÁ·ÀÌ Àڱ⠺ÎÁ·ÀÇ Ä£±¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ô ºÎÁ·ÀÌ Á×°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù°í ¹ÏÀ» ¶§ ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â µ¿±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÁýÀ¸·Î °¡Á®¿Ã ¶§±îÁö °è¼Ó ¾Ö°î(äîÍÖ)ÇÏ¿´´Ù. º¹¼ö´Â ºñ±³Àû Çö´ë¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³´Ù.

5. Revenge was the motive for war when one tribe believed that a neighboring tribe had caused the death of a fellow tribesman. Mourning was continued until a head was brought home. The war for vengeance was in good standing right on down to comparatively modern times.

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6. ¿À¶ô¦¡ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱ⠽ôëÀÇ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº ÀüÀïÀ» ¿À¶ôó·³ ¿©°å´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³¸¸ÇÑ ±×·²µíÇϰí ÃæºÐÇÑ ±¸½ÇÀÌ »ý±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, ÆòÈ­°¡ ´ä´äÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Áú ¶§, ÀÎÁ¢µÈ ºÎÁ·µéÀº °¡Â¥ ÀüÀïÀ» Áñ±â±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÃàÁ¦·Î½á ´Ã ÇÏ´ø Àå¼Ò·Î ³ª°¡¼­ ´Ù¼Ò Ä£±Ù°¨À» °®´Â ÀüÅõ¸¦ ¹úÀ̰ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

6. Recreation -- war was looked upon as recreation by the young men of these early times. If no good and sufficient pretext for war arose, when peace became oppressive, neighboring tribes were accustomed to go out in semifriendly combat to engage in a foray as a holiday, to enjoy a sham battle.

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7. Á¾±³¦¡°³Á¾½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿å±¸. ¿ø½ÃÀû Á¾±³µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î¿Í¼­¾ß Á¾±³°¡ ÀüÀïÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀº ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ±º»ç·Â°ú °á¿¬°ü°è¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ¿À·£ ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ °¡Àå Å« ÆòÈ­ ¿îµ¿µé Áß Çϳª´Â ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¸¦ ºÐ¸®½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ½Ãµµ¿´´Ù.

7. Religion -- the desire to make converts to the cult. The primitive religions all sanctioned war. Only in recent times has religion begun to frown upon war. The early priesthoods were, unfortunately, usually allied with the military power. One of the great peace moves of the ages has been the attempt to separate church and state.

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°í´ëÀÇ ÀÌ ºÎÁ·µéÀº ÀÚ±â ÇÏ´À´ÔµéÀÌ ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î, ±×µéÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸® ¶Ç´Â ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº ¡°ÀüÀïÅÍÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô¡±À» ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ìµð¾È Á·¼ÓÀ» ħ·«ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·ÏÀº °í´ëÀÇ ºÎÁ· °£ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÌ Áöµ¶ÇÏ°Ô ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ¿´´ø °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ¸ðµç ³²ÀÚµéÀ» ÇлìÇÏ°í ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ó³à°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸ðµç ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ¸ðµç ³²ÀÚ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ÇлìÇÏ¿´´ø °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î ±× °ø°ÝÀº, 20¸¸ ³â ÀüÀÇ ºÎÁ· ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ ¼¼¿î »çȸ°ü·Ê¿¡ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÚÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¡°À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ À̸§¡±À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù.

Always these olden tribes made war at the bidding of their gods, at the behest of their chiefs or medicine men. The Hebrews believed in such a "God of battles"; and the narrative of their raid on the Midianites is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient tribal wars; this assault, with its slaughter of all the males and the later killing of all male children and all women who were not virgins, would have done honor to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was executed in the "name of the Lord God of Israel."

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ÀÌ»ó(ì¤ß¾)Àº »çȸ¦¡Á¾Á·(ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ¾Ö½á¼­ ¼ºÃëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷)µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀ¦¡ÀÇ ÁøÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱âÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÜÇмºµéÀº, ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ôµé¿¡°Ô µ¹¸®·Á´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ºÇâ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ½Å(ãê)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¶ÀåµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

This is a narrative of the evolution of society -- the natural outworking of the problems of the races -- man working out his own destiny on earth. Such atrocities are not instigated by Deity, notwithstanding the tendency of man to place the responsibility on his gods.

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¹«¸®°¡ ÀÚºñ¸¦ º£Çª´Â ÀÏÀº Àηù¿¡°Ô Àß ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â µåº¸¶ó¶ó´Â ¿©ÀÎÀÌ È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀ» ´Ù½º¸± ¶§¿¡µµ, ±×¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÀÜÇÐÇÑ ÇàÀ§°¡ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×³àÀÇ ÁöÈÖ°üµéÀº ±× À̹æÀεéÀ» ¹«Â´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ¡°¸ðµç Àû±ºÀ» ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ³²±âÁö ¸»°í Ä®·Î ¹«Âµµ·Ï¡± ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.

Military mercy has been slow in coming to mankind. Even when a woman, Deborah, ruled the Hebrews, the same wholesale cruelty persisted. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused "all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left."

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Á¾Á· ¿ª»ç»ó ¾ÆÁÖ Ãʱ⿡´Â µ¶¾àÀ» ¹¯Èù ¹«±âµéÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼Õ»ó½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ÀÚÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¿ïÀº Àڱ⠵þ ¹Ì°¥À» ÁÖ´Â ´ë°¡·Î ´ÙÀ­¿¡°Ô ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ »ç¶÷ 100¸íÀÇ ÀÎÇÇ(ìÑù«)¸¦ ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Very early in the history of the race, poisoned weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were practiced. Saul did not hesitate to require one hundred Philistine foreskins as the dowry David should pay for his daughter Michal.

70:1.19

ÃʱâÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº ºÎÁ·µé Àüü°£ÀÇ ½Î¿òÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â µÎ ºÎÁ· Àüü°¡ ½Î¿ì´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ±× ºÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ µÎ °³º°Á¸Àç°¡ °áÅõ¸¦ ¹ú¿´´Ù. ´ÙÀ­°ú °ñ¸®¾ÑÀÌ ½Î¿ü´ø °æ¿ìó·³, µÎ Àû±ºÀº °¢ÀÚ ÀÚ±âÆíÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷À» »Ì¾Æ¼­ ±× µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½Î¿î °á°ú¿¡ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °Å´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ °ü·Ê°¡ µÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Early wars were fought between tribes as a whole, but in later times, when two individuals in different tribes had a dispute, instead of both tribes fighting, the two disputants engaged in a duel. It also became a custom for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a contest between a representative chosen from each side, as in the instance of David and Goliath.

70:1.20

ÀüÀï¿¡ À־ óÀ½À¸·Î °³¼±µÈ °ÍÀº Á˼ö¸¦ »ï´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î´Â, ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀüÀï ÇàÀ§¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú°í, ±× ÈÄ¿¡´Â ºñ(Þª)ÀüÅõ¿øÀ¸·Î ÀνĵǾú´Ù. ÀüÀïÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¾ç»óÀ» ¶ì°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±º»çÀû Ư±Ç°è±Þ°ú »óºñ±º(ßÈÝáÏÚ) ÇüŰ¡ °ð ¹ßÀüµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Àü»çµéÀº ¿©ÀÚ¿Í ±³Á¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú°í, ¿©ÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ½Î¿ì´Â ÀÏ¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÇ±â´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±× ±ºÀε鿡°Ô ¾ç½ÄÀ» °ø±ÞÇÏ°í µ¹º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÀüÅõ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï ±×µéÀ» Ãæµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The first refinement of war was the taking of prisoners. Next, women were exempted from hostilities, and then came the recognition of noncombatants. Military castes and standing armies soon developed to keep pace with the increasing complexity of combat. Such warriors were early prohibited from associating with women, and women long ago ceased to fight, though they have always fed and nursed the soldiers and urged them on to battle.

70:1.21

ÀüÀïÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â °ü·Ê´Â Å« Áøº¸¸¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½Î¿ï Àǻ簡 ÀÖÀ½À» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº °ø¸íÁ¤´ëÇÔÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÀüÁ¶°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× µÚ¸¦ À̾ ¡°¹®¸íÈ­µÈ¡± ÀüÀï ±ÔÄ¢µéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °³¹ßµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Àå¼Ò ±Ùó¿¡¼­´Â ½Î¿ìÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ °ü½ÀÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °Å·èÇÑ ³¯¿¡´Â ½Î¿ìÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î´Â º¸È£¹ÞÀ» ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀϹÝÀû °³³äÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¸Á¸íÀÚ´Â º¸È£¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

The practice of declaring war represented great progress. Such declarations of intention to fight betokened the arrival of a sense of fairness, and this was followed by the gradual development of the rules of "civilized" warfare. Very early it became the custom not to fight near religious sites and, still later, not to fight on certain holy days. Next came the general recognition of the right of asylum; political fugitives received protection.

70:1.22

±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀüÀïÀº ¿ø½ÃÀÎ »ç³ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¡°¹®¸íÈ­µÈ¡± ±¹°¡µé °£ÀÇ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ´õ ±ÔÀ²È­ µÈ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¡Â÷ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ä£¹ÐÇÑ »çȸÀû ŵµ°¡ ´ë¸³µÇ´Â ŵµ¸¦ ´ëÄ¡½ÃŰ´Â ÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì ´À¸®°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Thus did warfare gradually evolve from the primitive man hunt to the somewhat more orderly system of the later-day "civilized" nations. But only slowly does the social attitude of amity displace that of enmity.


2. ÀüÀïÀÇ »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡
 


2. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WAR

70:2.1

Áö³ª°£ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Ý·ÄÇÑ ÀüÀïÀº »çȸÀûÀÎ º¯È­¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô°í, ÀÚ¿¬ ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼­´Â 10,000³âÀÌ °É·Á¾ß ¹ß»ýµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ±×·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ü³äµéÀÇ Ã¤ÅÃÀ» ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» À§ÇØ ÁöºÒµÈ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ ´ë°¡´Â, ±× »çȸ°¡ ÀáÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ß¸¸ »óÅ·ΠµÇµ¹¾Æ°£ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ À̼ºÀÌ Åðº¸ÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´ø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀüÀïÀº ½É°¢ÇÑ Ä¡·á¹ýÀ̾ú°í, ¸Å¿ì ºñ½Ñ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´ø ¹Ý¸é; ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »çȸÀû ¹«Áú¼­µéÀ» Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¾î¶² ¶§¿¡´Â ȯÀÚ¸¦ Á×ÀÌ´Â, ±× »çȸ¸¦ ÆÄ±«½ÃŰ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

In past ages a fierce war would institute social changes and facilitate the adoption of new ideas such as would not have occurred naturally in ten thousand years. The terrible price paid for these certain war advantages was that society was temporarily thrown back into savagery; civilized reason had to abdicate. War is strong medicine, very costly and most dangerous; while often curative of certain social disorders, it sometimes kills the patient, destroys the society.

70:2.2

±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î¸¦ À§ÇÑ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ Çʿ伺Àº »õ·Ó°íµµ Áøº¸µÈ ¸¹Àº »çȸÀû Á¶ÀýµéÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »çȸ´Â, óÀ½¿¡´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ±º»çÀû(ÏÚÞÀîÜ)ÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú°í Áö±Ýµµ ÀüÀïÀÇ ´öºÐÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ¹«µµÈ¸, ¹«¸®¸¦ ÈÆ·Ã½ÃŰ´Â Ãʱâ Çüŵé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿¡ ½Å¼¼¸¦ Áø, ¸¹Àº À¯¿ëÇÑ Çõ½Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À¯ÀÍÀ» ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

The constant necessity for national defense creates many new and advanced social adjustments. Society, today, enjoys the benefit of a long list of useful innovations which were at first wholly military and is even indebted to war for the dance, one of the early forms of which was a military drill.

70:2.3

ÀüÀïÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ Áö³ª°£ ¹®¸íÈ­ °úÁ¤¿¡ »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇØ ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù:

War has had a social value to past civilizations because it:

 

 1.

°­¿äµÈ ±³À°´Ü·Ã, °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ Çùµ¿.

 2.

ºÒ±¼ÀÇ ¸¶À½°ú ¿ë±â¸¦ ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÔ.

 3.

¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ Á¶¼ºÇϰí À°¼º½ÃÅ´.

 4.

¾àÇÏ°í ºÎÀû´çÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» µµÅ½ÃÅ´.

 5.

¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ Æòµî°ú ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î °è±ÞÈ­ µÈ »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»óÀ» ¾àÈ­½ÃÅ´.

1.

Imposed discipline, enforced co-operation.

2.

Put a premium on fortitude and courage.

3.

Fostered and solidified nationalism.

4.

Destroyed weak and unfit peoples.

5.

Dissolved the illusion of primitive equality and selectively stratified society.

70:2.4

ÀüÀïÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÁøÈ­ÀûÀÌ°í ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¹®¸íÈ­°¡ ¼­¼­È÷ ÁøÃ´µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïµé·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ¿©Çà°ú ¹®È­Àû ±³·ù°¡ ÁõÁøµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûµéÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦´Â Çö´ëÀûÀÎ ¼ö¼Û ±×¸®°í Åë½Å ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´õ Àß ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀüÀïµéÀº ±¹°¡µéÀ» °­È­½ÃÄ×Áö¸¸, ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ ÅõÀïµéÀº °³È­µÈ ¹®È­¸¦ ºØ±«½ÃÄ×´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¿­µîÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÌ ¸êÀýµÇ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ³º¾ÒÀ¸¸ç; ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ Ãæµ¹ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ °á°ú´Â °¡Àå ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àΰ£ Ç÷ÅëµéÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ ¸êÁ¾ÀÌ´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ÀüÀïµéÀº Á¶Á÷°ú È¿À²¼ºÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃÄ×Áö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦´Â À̰͵éÀÌ Çö´ë »ê¾÷ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö³­ ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È ÀüÀïÀº ¹®¸íÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡µµ·Ï ¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ »çȸÀû È¿¼Ò(ý£áÈ)¿´À¸¸ç; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¾ß¸Á°ú ¹ß¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´õ Àß ´Þ¼ºµÈ´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, Çö´ëÀÎÀº ÇÏ´À´ÔÀº »ç¶ûÀ̽öó°í Ç¥ÇöÇØ ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀº °ú°Å¿¡ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸¹Àº ¸ñÀûµéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄ×°í, ¹®¸íÀÇ °Ç¼³¿¡¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ¹ßÆÇÀÌ µÇ¾î ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¹®È­Àû ÆÄ»êÀÌ µÇ¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.¦¡ÀüÀïÀ» ¿øÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î µû¶ó¿À´Â ²ûÂïÇÑ ¼Õ½Ç°ú ºñ·ÊÇÏ´Â, »çȸÀû À̵濡 ´ëÇÑ ¹è´çÀ» ±× ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Îµµ ¸¸µé¾î³¾ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

War has had a certain evolutionary and selective value, but like slavery, it must sometime be abandoned as civilization slowly advances. Olden wars promoted travel and cultural intercourse; these ends are now better served by modern methods of transport and communication. Olden wars strengthened nations, but modern struggles disrupt civilized culture. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of modern conflict is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted organization and efficiency, but these have now become the aims of modern industry. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed civilization forward; this result is now better attained by ambition and invention. Ancient warfare supported the concept of a God of battles, but modern man has been told that God is love. War has served many valuable purposes in the past, it has been an indispensable scaffolding in the building of civilization, but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt -- incapable of producing dividends of social gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation.

70:2.5

ÀÇ»çµéÀº ÇǸ¦ È긲À¸·Î½á ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Áúº´µéÀ» °íÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ ¶§ ¹Ï¾ú´ø ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ±× ÈÄ·Î ±×µéÀº ±× º´µé ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸´Ù ³ªÀº Ä¡·á¹ýµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±¹Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇǸ¦ È긮´Â ÀüÀï ´ë½Å¿¡, ³ª¶óµéÀÇ Áúº´À» °íÄ¡±â À§ÇÑ º¸´Ù ³ªÀº ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

At one time physicians believed in bloodletting as a cure for many diseases, but they have since discovered better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the discovery of better methods for curing the ills of nations.

70:2.6

À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀº ¹ÎÁ·ÀûÀÎ ±º»çÁÖÀÇ¿Í »ê¾÷ÁÖÀÇ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ °Å´ëÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ» ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ ÅõÀïÀº ¸ñÀÚ-»ç³É²Û°ú ³óºÎ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÅõÀï°ú ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¸é¿¡¼­ À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ »ê¾÷ÁÖÀǰ¡ ±º»çÁÖÀǸ¦ À̱â·Á¸é, ±×°ÍÀº »ê¾÷ÁÖÀǸ¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â À§ÇèµéÀ» ÇÇÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ½ÏÆ®°í ÀÖ´Â »ê¾÷ÀÇ À§±âµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

The nations of Urantia have already entered upon the gigantic struggle between nationalistic militarism and industrialism, and in many ways this conflict is analogous to the agelong struggle between the herder-hunter and the farmer. But if industrialism is to triumph over militarism, it must avoid the dangers which beset it. The perils of budding industry on Urantia are:

70:2.7

1. ¹°ÁúÁÖÀǸ¦ ÇâÇÏ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Ç³Á¶, ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ´«ÀÌ ¸Ö¾îÁü.

1. The strong drift toward materialism, spiritual blindness.

70:2.8

2. Àç¹°ÀÇ-ÈûÀ» °æ¹è, °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ¿Ö°î.

2. The worship of wealth-power, value distortion.

70:2.9

3. »çÄ¡ÀÇ ¾Ç, ¹®È­Àû ¹Ì¼º¼÷.

3. The vices of luxury, cultural immaturity.

70:2.10

4. °ÔÀ¸¸§ÀÇ Á¡Á¡ Áõ°¡µÇ´Â À§Çè, ºÀ»çÀÇ ¹«°¨°¢

4. The increasing dangers of indolence, service insensitivity.

70:2.11

5. ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¾Á· °ü¿ëÀÇ ¼ºÀå, »ý¹°ÇÐÀû Åðº¸.

5. The growth of undesirable racial softness, biologic deterioration.

70:2.12

6. Ç¥ÁØÈ­µÈ »ê¾÷ ³ë¿¹È­ÀÇ À§Çù, °³Àμº ħü. ³ëµ¿Àº °í»óÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, °í¿ªÀº °¨°¢À» ¸¶ºñ½ÃŲ´Ù.

6. The threat of standardized industrial slavery, personality stagnation. Labor is ennobling but drudgery is benumbing.

70:2.13

±º»çÁÖÀÇ´Â µ¶ÀçÀûÀ̰í ÀÜÀΦ¡¾ß¸¸Àû¦¡ÇÏ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Á¤º¹ÀÚµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­´Â »çȸÀû Á¶Á÷À» ÁõÁø½ÃŰÁö¸¸, ÇÇÁ¤º¹ÀÚµéÀ» ºÐ¿­½ÃŲ´Ù. »ê¾÷ÁÖÀÇ´Â º¸´Ù ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ °ÍÀ̸ç, µ¶Ã¢·Â Á¦°í(ð«ÍÔ)¿Í °³º°ÁÖÀÇ Àå·Á°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöµµ·Ï ÁøÇàµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. »çȸ´Â ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼­ ±â¿ø¼ºÀ» À°¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

Militarism is autocratic and cruel -- savage. It promotes social organization among the conquerors but disintegrates the vanquished. Industrialism is more civilized and should be so carried on as to promote initiative and to encourage individualism. Society should in every way possible foster originality.

70:2.14

ÀüÀïÀ» Âù¾çÇÏ´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹üÇÏÁö ¸»°í; ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×°ÍÀÌ »çȸ¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ ¿Ô´ÂÁö¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÏ¿©, ¹®¸íÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ Áøº¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀ» ´ë½ÅÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö¸¦ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ´õ¿í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¿¹°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØ¶ó. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÃæºÐÇÑ ´ë¿ëǰÀÌ Á¦°øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ÀüÀïÀÌ °è¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Do not make the mistake of glorifying war; rather discern what it has done for society so that you may the more accurately visualize what its substitutes must provide in order to continue the advancement of civilization. And if such adequate substitutes are not provided, then you may be sure that war will long continue.

70:2.15

»ç¶÷Àº, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ ÇູÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÆòÈ­°¡ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¼Ó¼ÓµéÀÌ ±×¸®°í ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ ±ú´ÞÀ» ¶§±îÁö, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£ Á¾Á·µéÀÇ ÀÚ¾Æ-º¸Á¸ ¹ÝÀÀµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ´©ÀûµÇ´Â °¨Á¤µé°ú ¿¡³ÊÁöµéÀ» ÇØ¹æ½Ã۵µ·Ï °í¾ÈµÈ Áý´ÜÀû Ãæµ¿À» ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î Æø¹ß½ÃŰ´Â õ¼ºÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï »çȸ°¡ ÆòÈ­ÀûÀÎ ´ë¿ë¹°µéÀ» Çö¸íÇÏ°Ô Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§±îÁö, °áÄÚ ÆòÈ­¸¦ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »ýȰ ÇüÅ·Π¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Man will never accept peace as a normal mode of living until he has been thoroughly and repeatedly convinced that peace is best for his material welfare, and until society has wisely provided peaceful substitutes for the gratification of that inherent tendency periodically to let loose a collective drive designed to liberate those ever-accumulating emotions and energies belonging to the self-preservation reactions of the human species.

70:2.16

±×·¯³ª Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­µµ, ÀüÀïÀº ¿À¸¸ÇÑ °³º°ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Á¾Á·À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Å©°Ô ÁýÁßµÈ ±ÇÇѦ¡¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸® ÁýÇàÀÚ¦¡¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇϴ üÇèÀû ÈÆ·Ã¼Ò·Î¼­ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¸½Ä ÀüÀïÀº ¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ°í³­ °ÅÀÎ(ËÝìÑ)À» ÁöµµÀÚ·Î »ï¾ÒÁö¸¸, Çö´ëÀÇ ÀüÀïÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÁöµµÀÚµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »çȸ´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µé Áï: »ê¾÷°ú °úÇÐ ±×¸®°í »çȸÀû ¼ºÃ븦 ÀÌ·èÇÑ Àڵ鿡°Ô·Î ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

But even in passing, war should be honored as the school of experience which compelled a race of arrogant individualists to submit themselves to highly concentrated authority -- a chief executive. Old-fashioned war did select the innately great men for leadership, but modern war no longer does this. To discover leaders society must now turn to the conquests of peace: industry, science, and social achievement.


3. ÃʱâÀÇ Àΰ£ ¿¬ÇÕ
 


3. EARLY HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS

70:3.1

°¡Àå ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ »çȸ¿¡¼­´Â, ¶°µµ´Â ¹«¸®¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú°í, ¾ÆÀ̵éÁ¶Â÷µµ ±×°ÍÀÇ °øµ¿ Àç»êÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Ű¿ì´Â µ¥ À־ ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â °¡Á¤ÀÌ ¶°µµ´Â ¹«¸®¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿´°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·ÀÌ Ã¢¹ßÇÏ¿© »çȸ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.

In the most primitive society the horde is everything; even children are its common property. The evolving family displaced the horde in child rearing, while the emerging clans and tribes took its place as the social unit.

70:3.2

¼º(àõ)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸Á°ú ¸ð¼º¾Ö°¡ °¡Á·À» Çü¼ºÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎ ÇüÅ´ °¡Á·À» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ Áý´ÜµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ÃâÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¡Á·ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ÀüÀÇ ¶°µµ´Â Áý´Ü ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â, ºñ°ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±ÅÃµÈ °³º°Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ ÁöµµÀÚ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ºÎ½Ã¸Õ Á¾Á·Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø½ÃÀû ´Ü°è¸¦ ¹þ¾î³­ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±×µéÀº Àڱ⠺ÎÁ·À» À̲ô´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

Sex hunger and mother love establish the family. But real government does not appear until superfamily groups have begun to form. In the prefamily days of the horde, leadership was provided by informally chosen individuals. The African Bushmen have never progressed beyond this primitive stage; they do not have chiefs in the horde.

70:3.3

Ç÷ÅëÀ¸·Î ¹­ÀÎ °¡Á·µéÀÌ ¾¾Á·À¸·Î °áÇÕÇÏ¿´°í; ³ªÁß¿¡ À̰ÍÀÌ ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î ºÎÁ·, Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀ» ÀÌ·ç°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀüÀï°ú ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ °¡±î¿î ¾¾Á·µé °£ÀÇ ºÎÁ· üÁ¦¸¦ ÀÌ·çµµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ ¿ø½ÃÀû Áý´Üµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ³»ºÎÀû ÆòÈ­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸ鼭 ÇÔ²² ¹­ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ °ÍÀº »ó¾÷°ú ¹«¿ªÀ̾ú´Ù.

Families became united by blood ties in clans, aggregations of kinsmen; and these subsequently evolved into tribes, territorial communities. Warfare and external pressure forced the tribal organization upon the kinship clans, but it was commerce and trade that held these early and primitive groups together with some degree of internal peace.

70:3.4

À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÆòÈ­´Â, ÆòÈ­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸Á»óÀûÀÎ °èȹÀÇ ¸ðµç °¨»óÀû ±Ëº¯¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­º¸´Ù´Â ±¹Á¦ ¹«¿ª üÁ¦µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ ÁõÁøµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹«¿ª °ü°è´Â ¾ð¾îÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ±×¸®°í °³¼±µÈ ÅëÈ­ ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¸´Ù ¹ßÀüµÈ ¼ö¼Û ¼ö´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÃËÁøµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

The peace of Urantia will be promoted far more by international trade organizations than by all the sentimental sophistry of visionary peace planning. Trade relations have been facilitated by development of language and by improved methods of communication as well as by better transportation.

70:3.5

°øÅë ¾ð¾îÀÇ ºÎÀç(ÝÕî¤)´Â ÆòÈ­¸¦ ÁöŰ´Â Áý´ÜµéÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» Ç×»ó ¹æÇØÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±Ù´ëÀû ¹«¿ª¿¡ À־´Â µ·ÀÌ º¸ÆíÀû ¾ð¾î°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±Ù´ë »çȸ´Â ÁÖ·Î »ê¾÷ ½ÃÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °áÇյȴÙ. ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â´Â °ø±ÞÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿å±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áõ´ëµÉ ¶§ ¹®¸íÀ» Å©°Ô ÁõÁø½ÃŲ´Ù.

The absence of a common language has always impeded the growth of peace groups, but money has become the universal language of modern trade. Modern society is largely held together by the industrial market. The gain motive is a mighty civilizer when augmented by the desire to serve.

70:3.6

Ãʱ⠽ô뿡 À־ °¢ ºÎÁ·Àº Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ÀǽÉÀÇ µ¿½É¿øÀ¸·Î µÑ·¯½Î¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸ðµç ³¸¼± ÀÚµéÀ» Á×ÀÌ°í ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÇÑ ¶§ÀÇ °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. Ä£±¸ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¾ °ü³äÀº ¾¾Á·ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î »ï´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¾¾Á·¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¸é Á×Àº µÚ¿¡ »ýÁ¸µÈ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù¦¡¿µ¿øÇÑ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °³³äµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.

In the early ages each tribe was surrounded by concentric circles of increasing fear and suspicion; hence it was once the custom to kill all strangers, later on, to enslave them. The old idea of friendship meant adoption into the clan; and clan membership was believed to survive death -- one of the earliest concepts of eternal life.

70:3.7

¼­·ÎÀÇ ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½ÉÀ¸·Î½á ¾çÀÚ(å×í­) °á¿¬ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ÀǽÄÀ» ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾î¶² Áý´Üµé¿¡¼­´Â ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ã´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ħÀ» ¼­·Î ³ª´³´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀÌ »ç±³ÀûÀΠŰ½º¸¦ ÇàÇÏ´Â °í´ëÀÇ ±â¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í °áÈ¥À̵çÁö ¾çÀÚ °á¿¬À̵çÁö, ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¸ðµç ÀǽÄÀÇ ³¡¿¡´Â Ç×»ó ÃàÁ¦°¡ ¿­·È´Ù.

The ceremony of adoption consisted in drinking each other's blood. In some groups saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient origin of the practice of social kissing. And all ceremonies of association, whether marriage or adoption, were always terminated by feasting.

70:3.8

ÈÄ´ë¿¡´Â, ÇǸ¦ ¼¯Àº ºÓÀº Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, °á±¹¿¡´Â Æ÷µµÁÖ¸¸À» ¸¶½ÉÀ¸·Î½á ¾çÀÚ °á¿¬ ÀǽÄÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±× Æ÷µµÁÖ ÀÜ¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ´ïÀ¸·Î½á ½ÂÀÎÀ» Ç¥¸íÇÏ¿´°í ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù ºñ¿öÁöµµ·Ï ¸¶½ÉÀ¸·Î½á ¿Ï·áµÇ¾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾çÀÚ °á¿¬ ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¯ÇüµÈ ÇüŸ¦ äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¶ø Á¶»óµéÀº Èĺ¸ÀÚ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ºÎÁ· ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ »ý½Ä±â¿¡ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ñ°í ¸Í¼¼Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀº ¾çÀÚ·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áø À̹æÀÎÀ» ÇüÁ¦¿ì¾Ö·Î¼­ Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô ´ë¿ìÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°³ÊÈñ¿Í ÇÔ²² °ÅÇÏ´Â ³¸¼± »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ÊÈñ Áß¿¡ ž »ç¶÷ó·³ ´ëÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ³Ê ÀÚ½Åó·³ ±×¸¦ »ç¶ûÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡±

In later times, blood diluted with red wine was used, and eventually wine alone was drunk to seal the adoption ceremony, which was signified in the touching of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The Hebrews employed a modified form of this adoption ceremony. Their Arab ancestors made use of the oath taken while the hand of the candidate rested upon the generative organ of the tribal native. The Hebrews treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. "The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself."

70:3.9

¡°¼Õ´Ô°úÀÇ ¿ìÁ¤¡±Àº Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ȯ´ëÇÏ´Â °ü°è¿´´Ù. ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¿´´ø ¼Õ´ÔÀÌ ¶°³¯ ¶§¿¡´Â, Á¢½Ã¸¦ µÑ·Î Âɰ³¼­ ÇÑ Á¶°¢À» ¶°³ª´Â Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á Á¦»ïÀÚ°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼Ò°³ÀåÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼Õ´ÔµéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¿©Á¤°ú ¸ðÇè¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱⸦ µé·ÁÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ºúÀ» °±´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü·Ê¿´´Ù. ¿¾ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À̾߱â²ÛµéÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹¾ÆÁ³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °á±¹¿¡´Â »ç³ÉÀ̳ª Ãß¼öÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â µ¿¾È¿¡´Â ±×·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ±ÝÁö½ÃŰ´Â »çȸ°ü·Ê°¡ »ý±â°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

"Guest friendship" was a relation of temporary hospitality. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing friend so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling tales of their travels and adventures. The storytellers of olden times became so popular that the mores eventually forbade their functioning during either the hunting or harvest seasons.

70:3.10

ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆòÈ­ Á¶¾àÀº ¡°ÇÇ·Î ¸Î´Â °è¾à¡±À̾ú´Ù. ÀüÀïÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â µÎ ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÆòÈ­ »çÀýµéÀÌ ¸¸³ª¼­ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Çǰ¡ È带 ¶§±îÁö ÇǺθ¦ Âñ·¶À¸¸ç; ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÇǸ¦ »¡¾Æ ¸¶½Ã¸é¼­ ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The first treaties of peace were the "blood bonds." The peace ambassadors of two warring tribes would meet, pay their respects, and then proceed to prick the skin until it bled; whereupon they would suck each other's blood and declare peace.

70:3.11

°¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÆòÈ­ »çÀý´ÜÀº, ÇÑ ¶§ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÀûÀ̾ú´ø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¼º(àõ) ¸¸Á·À» ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ Ã³³àµéÀ» °Å´À¸° ´ëÇ¥´Üµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀüÀïÀÇ Ãæµ¿À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¼º(àõ) ¿å¸ÁÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô °ø°æÀ» ¹ÞÀº ºÎÁ·Àº ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ä·Ê·Î ¹æ¹®Çϸ鼭 ó³àµéÀ» ¼±¹°·Î ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±× ÈĺÎÅÍ ÆòÈ­Àû °ü°è°¡ °ß°íÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ð Á·Àå °¡Á·µé °£ÀÇ °áÈ¥ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The earliest peace missions consisted of delegations of men bringing their choice maidens for the sex gratification of their onetime enemies, the sex appetite being utilized in combating the war urge. The tribe so honored would pay a return visit, with its offering of maidens; whereupon peace would be firmly established. And soon intermarriages between the families of the chiefs were sanctioned.


4. ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·
 


4. CLANS AND TRIBES

70:4.1

ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÆòÈ­ Áý´ÜÀº °¡Á·À̾ú°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¾¾Á·, ºÎÁ·, ±×¸®°í ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀÌ °á±¹¿¡´Â ±Ù´ëÀÇ Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀüÀï Áغñ¿¡ ¸¹Àº µ·À» ¼ÒºñÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¿À´Ã³¯ ÆòÈ­ Áý´ÜµéÀÌ ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡µéÀ» Æ÷¿ËÇϸ鼭 Ç÷Åë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °á¼ÓÀ» ³Ñ¾î È®´ëÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº °¡Àå °í¹«ÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

The first peace group was the family, then the clan, the tribe, and later on the nation, which eventually became the modern territorial state. The fact that the present-day peace groups have long since expanded beyond blood ties to embrace nations is most encouraging, despite the fact that Urantia nations are still spending vast sums on war preparations.

70:4.2

¾¾Á·µéÀº ºÎÁ· ³»¿¡¼­ Ç÷ÅëÀ¸·Î ¹­ÀÎ Áý´ÜµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °øÅë ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù:

The clans were blood-tie groups within the tribe, and they owed their existence to certain common interests, such as:

 

 1. 

Ç÷ÅëÀ» °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡¸é Á¶»óÀÌ °°À½.

 2.

µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ÅäÅÛÀ» ¸ð½É.

 3.

°°Àº »çÅõ¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ.

 4.

°øµ¿ °ÅÁÖÁö¿¡¼­ »ýȰÇÔ.

 5.

µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀûÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÔ.

 6.

°øÅëÀÇ ±º»çÀû üÇèÀ» °®°í ÀÖÀ½.

1.

Tracing origin back to a common ancestor.

2.

Allegiance to a common religious totem.

3.

Speaking the same dialect.

4.

Sharing a common dwelling place.

5.

Fearing the same enemies.

6.

Having had a common military experience.

70:4.3

¾¾Á·ÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µéÀº Ç×»ó ºÎÁ·Àå¿¡°Ô º¹Á¾ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ÃʱâÀÇ ºÎÁ· Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾¾Á·µéÀÌ ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬ÇÕµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ ¿øÁֹεéÀº ºÎÁ· ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

The clan headmen were always subordinate to the tribal chief, the early tribal governments being a loose confederation of clans. The native Australians never developed a tribal form of government.

70:4.4

¾¾Á·ÀÇ ÆòÈ­ Ã¥ÀÓÀÚµéÀº ´ë°³ ¸ð°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Áö¹èÇÏ¿´°í; ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀüÀï Ã¥ÀÓÀÚµéÀº ºÎ°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÎÁ·Àå°ú Ãʱ⠿ÕÀÇ ÀÇȸ´Â ¾¾Á·Àåµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸Å ³â ¸î Â÷·Ê¾¿ ±×µéÀ» ¿ÕÀÇ ÇöÁ¸ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼ÒÁý½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü·Ê¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿ÕÀº ±×µéÀ» °¨½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í ±×µéÀÇ ÇùÁ¶¸¦ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô º¸Àå¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾¾Á·µéÀº Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ÀÚÄ¡-Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© À¯ÀÍÇÑ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ°Ô Çϱâ´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, Å« ±Ô¸ðÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ±¹°¡·Î ÀÚ¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Å©°Ô ¿¬±â½ÃÄ×´Ù.

The clan peace chiefs usually ruled through the mother line; the tribal war chiefs established the father line. The courts of the tribal chiefs and early kings consisted of the headmen of the clans, whom it was customary to invite into the king's presence several times a year. This enabled him to watch them and the better secure their co-operation. The clans served a valuable purpose in local self-government, but they greatly delayed the growth of large and strong nations.


5. Á¤ºÎÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ
 


5. THE BEGINNINGS OF GOVERNMENT

70:5.1

Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¦µµµéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» °®±â ¸¶·ÃÀ̸ç, ½Ã¹Î Á¤ºÎ´Â °áÈ¥°ú »ê¾÷ ±×¸®°í Á¾±³¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ­ÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¾¾Á·µé°ú ¿ø½ÃÀû ºÎÁ·µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Àΰ£ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀΠüÁ¦µéÀÌ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±× üÁ¦µéÀº 20¼¼±â Á߹ݺÎÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ÀÌ·é »çȸ¿Í ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¹ý±Ô ÇüŵéÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö±â±îÁö º¯ÃµÀ» °ÅµìÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Every human institution had a beginning, and civil government is a product of progressive evolution just as much as are marriage, industry, and religion. From the early clans and primitive tribes there gradually developed the successive orders of human government which have come and gone right on down to those forms of social and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the twentieth century.

70:5.2

°¡Á· ´ÜÀ§µéÀÌ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î â¹ßÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó Á¤ºÎµµ ¾¾Á· üÁ¦, Ç÷ÅëÀÌ °°Àº °¡Á·µéÀÇ Áý´ÜÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ±âÃʸ¦ ´ÙÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¤ºÎ´Ù¿î Á¤ºÎ üÁ¦´Â ¿ø·Î ÇùÀÇȸ¿´´Ù. Á¶Á¤ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø ÀÌ Áý´ÜÀº, ³²´Þ¸® À¯´ÉÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÎ ¹Ù ÀÖ´ø ³ëÀεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁöÇý¿Í üÇèÀº, ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ ¼Ó¿¡¼­µµ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ³ôÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¿ø·ÎµéÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÌ µç ¸î¸î »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °úµÎÁ¤Ä¡´Â Á¡Â÷ Á·Àå °ü³äÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù.

With the gradual emergence of the family units the foundations of government were established in the clan organization, the grouping of consanguineous families. The first real governmental body was the council of the elders. This regulative group was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some efficient manner. Wisdom and experience were early appreciated even by barbaric man, and there ensued a long age of the domination of the elders. This reign of the oligarchy of age gradually grew into the patriarchal idea.

70:5.3

¿ø·ÎµéÀÇ Ãʱâ ÇùÀÇȸ¿¡¼­´Â, ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ Â÷¿øÀÇ ±â´Éµé; ÇàÁ¤°ú ÀÔ¹ý°ú »ç¹ý±â´ÉÀÇ ÀáÀ缺ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ÇùÀÇȸ°¡ ´ç½ÃÀÇ »çȸ°ü·Ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®À» ³»¸± ¶§, ±×°ÍÀº ¹ýÁ¤ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´°í; »õ·Î¿î ¹æ½ÄÀÇ »çȸÀû °ü·Ê¸¦ ¼¼¿ï ¶§¿¡´Â, ÀÔ¹ýºÎ¿Í °°¾ÒÀ¸¸ç; ±×·¯ÇÑ ÆÇ°á°ú ¹ý±Ô°¡ °­¿äµÇ´Â ¹üÀ§ ³»¿¡¼­´Â, ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿´´Ù. ±× ÇùÀÇȸÀÇ ÀÇÀåÀº, ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ºÎÁ·Àå¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.

In the early council of the elders there resided the potential of all governmental functions: executive, legislative, and judicial. When the council interpreted the current mores, it was a court; when establishing new modes of social usage, it was a legislature; to the extent that such decrees and enactments were enforced, it was the executive. The chairman of the council was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief.

70:5.4

¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÇùÀÇȸ¿¡´Â ¿©¼º ȸ¿øµéµµ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¶§¶§·Î ¿©¼ºÀÌ ´Ù½º¸®´Â ºÎÁ·µéµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾ÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µéÀº ¡°7ÀÎ ÇùÀÇȸ¡±ÀÇ ¸¸ÀåÀÏÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ µû¸£´Â ¿À³ª¸ð³ª·ÐÅæÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Some tribes had female councils, and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of Onamonalonton in following the unanimous rule of the "council of seven."

70:5.5

³íÀïÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­´Â ÆòÈ­´Â ¹°·Ð ÀüÀïµµ ¼öÇàµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» Àηù°¡ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Èûµç ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¡°»ó´ã¡±Àº °ÅÀÇ ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¿©·¯ ¸íÀÇ ¾¾Á·ÀåµéÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¹«¸®´Â ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ±º´ë¸¦ ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¹è¿ü´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀïÀº ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ¿ÕÀ» ¼¼¿ö¿Ô´Ù.

It has been hard for mankind to learn that neither peace nor war can be run by a debating society. The primitive "palavers" were seldom useful. The race early learned that an army commanded by a group of clan heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. War has always been a kingmaker.

70:5.6

óÀ½¿¡´Â ÀüÀïÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±º»çÀû ÀÓ¹«¸¸À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¼±Á¤µÇ¾ú°í, ÆòÈ­ ½Ã¿¡´Â ±×µéÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ÇØÁ¦µÇ°ï ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¸é ±×µéÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ´õ¿í »çȸÀû º»¼ºÀ» °¡Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº ÆòÈ­·Î¿î ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡µµ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®´Â °æÇâÀÌ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹¾ÆÁ®¼­, ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ´ÙÀ½ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§±îÁö °è¼Ó ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ ÈÄ ¿À·¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­ ´ÙÀ½ ÀüÀïÀÌ À̾îÁöµµ·Ï ÁÖ¼±ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ ÀüÀïÀ» ÁÖ°üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòÈ­¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

At first the war chiefs were chosen only for military service, and they would relinquish some of their authority during peacetimes, when their duties were of a more social nature. But gradually they began to encroach upon the peace intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of peace.

70:5.7

ÈÄ´ë¿¡ À̸£·¯¼­´Â ±º»çÀû ÀÓ¹« ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾à°£ÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µéÀÌ ¼±Á¤µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, º¸±â µå¹® ü°ÝÀ̳ª ¶Ù¾î³­ °³ÀÎ ´É·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼±ÅõǾú´Ù. Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾Àº µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µé¦¡Á·Àå ¶Ç´Â È­ÆòÄÉ ÇÏ´Â µÎ¸ñµé°ú, ÀüÀïÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼¼½ÀÀûÀ¸·Î ³»·Á¿À´Â µÎ¸ñµé¦¡À» µÎ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. È­ÆòÄÉ ÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº ÀçÆÇ°ü°ú ¼±»ýÀ» °âÇÏ¿´´Ù.

In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than military service, being selected because of unusual physique or outstanding personal abilities. The red men often had two sets of chiefs -- the sachems, or peace chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also judges and teachers.

70:5.8

ÃʱâÀÇ ¾î¶² °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº ÁÖ¼ú»çµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÅëÄ¡µÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀº Á¾Á¾ µÎ¸ñµé·Î Ȱ¾àÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çÁ¦¿Í ÀÇ»ç ±×¸®°í ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸® ÁýÇàÀÚ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϰï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ È£È­·Î¿î ÈÖÀåµéÀÌ Ã³À½¿¡´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ º¹ÀåÀÇ »ó¡ ¶Ç´Â ǥ¡À¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÈçÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Some early communities were ruled by medicine men, who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as priest, physician, and chief executive. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the symbols or emblems of priestly dress.

70:5.9

±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ü°èµéÀ» °ÅÃļ­ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇàÁ¤ ºÎ¹®ÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ÇùÀÇȸ´Â °í¹® ÀÚ°ÝÀ¸·Î °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú°í, ÈÄ´ë¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÀÔ¹ýºÎ¿Í »ç¹ýºÎÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ø½ÃÀû Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇüŵéÀÌ ¿©·¯ ºÎÁ·µé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¸¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

And it was by these steps that the executive branch of government gradually came into existence. The clan and tribal councils continued in an advisory capacity and as forerunners of the later appearing legislative and judicial branches. In Africa, today, all these forms of primitive government are in actual existence among the various tribes.


6. ±ºÁÖÁ¦ Á¤ºÎ
 


6. MONARCHIAL GOVERNMENT

70:6.1

È¿°úÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ ÅëÄ¡´Â ÃæºÐÇÑ ÁýÇà ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áø ÇÑ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®ÀÇ µµÂø°ú ÇÔ²² ºñ·Î¼Ò ¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº, °ü³äÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °³Àμº¿¡°Ô ÈûÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á¸¸ È¿°úÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎ°¡ Çü¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Effective state rule only came with the arrival of a chief with full executive authority. Man found that effective government could be had only by conferring power on a personality, not by endowing an idea.

70:6.2

ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀº °¡Á·ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§ ¶Ç´Â Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü³äÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. Á·ÀåÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¿Õ(èÝ)À¸·Î ¹Ù²î°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ±×´Â ¶§·Î ¡°Àڱ⠹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¡±¶ó°í ºÒ·È´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, ¿µ¿õµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ÕÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÈξÀ ÈÄ´ë¿¡´Â ÅëÄ¡ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¼¼½ÀµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿ÕÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ±â¿øÀ» °®´Â´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

Rulership grew out of the idea of family authority or wealth. When a patriarchal kinglet became a real king, he was sometimes called "father of his people." Later on, kings were thought to have sprung from heroes. And still further on, rulership became hereditary, due to belief in the divine origin of kings.

70:6.3

¼¼½ÀµÇ´Â ¿Õ±ÇÀº, Àü¿¡ üÇèÇÏ¿´´ø, ÇÑ ¿ÕÀÌ Á×Àº ¶§·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈÄÀÓÀÚ°¡ °áÁ¤µÉ ¶§±îÁö ÆÄ±«¸¦ ÀÏ»ï´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÀûÀÎ »óŸ¦ °ÞÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °¡Á·Àº »ýÅÂÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®¸¦ °¡Á³°í; ¾¾Á·Àº ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÃâÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ºÎÁ·°ú ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ÃÖ°í-¿Õ±ÇÀÇ ¼¼½À Á¦µµ°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ÀÌÀ¯µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ¿Õ°¡(èÝÊ«)¿Í ±ÍÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü³äÀº ¾¾Á·µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¡°À̸§ ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç¡±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸ°ü·Ê¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Hereditary kingship avoided the anarchy which had previously wrought such havoc between the death of a king and the election of a successor. The family had a biologic head; the clan, a selected natural leader; the tribe and later state had no natural leader, and this was an additional reason for making the chief-kings hereditary. The idea of royal families and aristocracy was also based on the mores of "name ownership" in the clans.

70:6.4

¿Õ±ÇÀÇ °è½ÂÀº °á±¹¿¡´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Âµ¥, ¿ÕÀÇ Ç÷ÅëÀÌ Ä®¸®°¡½ºÆ¼¾Æ ¿µÁÖÀÇ ¹°ÁúÈ­µÈ Âü¸ðÁøÀÇ ½Ã´ë±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°£´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ÕµéÀº ¹Ì½ÅÀû ¼þ¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °³ÀμºµéÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í Áö³ªÄ¥ Á¤µµ·Î µÎ·Á¿òÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, Ưº°ÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¸»Åõ°¡ ¿Õ½Ç(èÝãø) ¾î¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ¿Õ°ú Á¢ÃËÇÔÀ¸·Î½á º´ÀÌ ³ªÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¾î¶² ¹ÎÁ·µéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ°¡ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ±â¿øÀ» °®´Â´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

The succession of kings was eventually regarded as supernatural, the royal blood being thought to extend back to the times of the materialized staff of Prince Caligastia. Thus kings became fetish personalities and were inordinately feared, a special form of speech being adopted for court usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the touch of kings would cure disease, and some Urantia peoples still regard their rulers as having had a divine origin.

70:6.5

ÀÏÂïÀÌ ¹Ì½ÅÀû ¼þ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀ̾ú´ø ¿ÕÀº ÈçÈ÷ °Ý¸®µÈ »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ³Ê¹« ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁø ³ª¸ÓÁö, ÃàÁ¦ ±â°£°ú °Å·èÇÑ ³¯µéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´ë°³ ±×¸¦ Å»(÷­)°³ÀÎÈ­ÇÏ·Á°í ´ë¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¼ö»ó(âÏßÓ)ÀÌ ±â¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³»°¢ÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ °ü¿øÀº À½½ÄÀ» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿´°í, ´Ù¸¥ Á÷Ã¥µéÀÌ °ð µÚµû¶ó »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. °ü·áµéÀº ±³¿ª°ú Á¾±³¸¦ ¸Ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ´ë¸®ÀÚµéÀ» ¼±ÀÓÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ³»°¢ Á¦µµÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀº ÁýÇà ±ÇÇÑÀÚµéÀÇ Å»(÷­)°³Àμº±¸ÇöÀ» ÇâÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¿ÕÀ» º¸ÁÂÇÏ´ø ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±ÍÁ·À¸·Î ¼±ÅõǾú°í, ¿ÕÀÇ ¾Æ³»´Â ¿©¿ÕÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼ºÀ» Á¡Á¡ ´õ °®Ãß°Ô µÇ¾î ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ´õ¿í Á¸ÁßµÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The early fetish king was often kept in seclusion; he was regarded as too sacred to be viewed except on feast days and holy days. Ordinarily a representative was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the origin of prime ministers. The first cabinet officer was a food administrator; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed representatives to be in charge of commerce and religion; and the development of a cabinet was a direct step toward depersonalization of executive authority. These assistants of the early kings became the accepted nobility, and the king's wife gradually rose to the dignity of queen as women came to be held in higher esteem.

70:6.6

»ç¾ÇÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº µ¶¾àÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾öû³­ ±Ç¼¼¸¦ ´©¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ãʱ⠱ÃÁ¤ÀÇ ¸¶¼úÀº ¾Ç¸¶ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú°í; ¿Õ¿¡°Ô ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº °ð Á×°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¡Àå ¾Ç¶öÇÑ Æø±ºµµ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, Àû¾îµµ ¾Ï»ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷°¡ Ç×»ó µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦½ÃÄ×´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ¼ú»çµé°ú ¸¶¹ý»çµé ±×¸®°í »çÁ¦µéÀº ¿Õ¿¡°Ô Ç×»ó »ó´çÇÑ °ßÁ¦ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¶¥À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµé, ±ÍÁ·µéÀÌ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶§¶§·Î ¾¾Á·µé°ú ºÎÁ·µéÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ Àǵµ·Î ºÀ±âÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ µ¶ÀçÀÚ¿Í Æø±ºÀ» ŸµµÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÆóÀ§µÈ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÌ »çÇü ¼±°í¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸é, ÀÚ»ìÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âȸ°¡ Á¦°øµÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© Ưº°ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡ ºÀÂøÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ÀÚ»ìÀ» ±âµµÇÏ´Â °í´ë »çȸÀÇ À¯ÇàÀÌ ±â¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù.

Unscrupulous rulers gained great power by the discovery of poison. Early court magic was diabolical; the king's enemies soon died. But even the most despotic tyrant was subject to some restrictions; he was at least restrained by the ever-present fear of assassination. The medicine men, witch doctors, and priests have always been a powerful check on the kings. Subsequently, the landowners, the aristocracy, exerted a restraining influence. And ever and anon the clans and tribes would simply rise up and overthrow their despots and tyrants. Deposed rulers, when sentenced to death, were often given the option of committing suicide, which gave origin to the ancient social vogue of suicide in certain circumstances.


7. ¿ø½ÃÀû ´Üüµé°ú ºñ¹Ð °øµ¿Ã¼µé
 


7. PRIMITIVE CLUBS AND SECRET SOCIETIES

70:7.1

Ç÷Åë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä£Á· °ü°è´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »çȸÀû Áý´ÜµéÀ» È®Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ģô °ü°èÀÇ ¾¾Á·ÀÌ È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾¾Á·°£ÀÇ °áÈ¥Àº ±× ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è·Î Áý´ÜÀÇ È®´ë¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÏ¿´°í, ±× °á°ú·Î »ý±ä º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ºÎÁ·Àº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÂüµÈ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÁÖü¿´´Ù. »çȸÀû ¹ßÀü¿¡ À־ ±× ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è´Â Á¾±³ ´Üüµé°ú Á¤Ä¡ ´ÜüµéÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ̾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â À̰͵éÀÌ ºñ¹Ð °øµ¿Ã¼·Î °á¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, ±â¿øÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú´Âµ¥; ³ªÁß¿¡´Â Á¶Á¤À» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ´Üü¿´°í; ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµµ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌÀ¹°í ±×°ÍµéÀº µÎ °¡Áö·Î ³ª´µ¾ú´Âµ¥ Áï: »çȸ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ °Í°ú Á¾±³Àû-½ÅºñÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

Blood kinship determined the first social groups; association enlarged the kinship clan. Intermarriage was the next step in group enlargement, and the resultant complex tribe was the first true political body. The next advance in social development was the evolution of religious cults and the political clubs. These first appeared as secret societies and originally were wholly religious; subsequently they became regulative. At first they were men's clubs; later women's groups appeared. Presently they became divided into two classes: sociopolitical and religio-mystical.

70:7.2

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀÌ ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:

There were many reasons for the secrecy of these societies, such as:

 

 1. 

¾î¶² ±Ý±â Á¶Ç׿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÇ ºÒÄè°¨À» ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¿°·Á.

 2.

¾à¼Ò(å°á³) Á¾ÆÄÀÇ Á¾±³ ¿¹½ÄÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©.

 3.

¼ÒÁßÇÑ ¡°¿µ¡±À» º¸Á¸Çϰųª ºñ¹ÐÀ» ±³È¯ÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î.

 4.

¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ¸¶¹ýÀ̳ª ¸¶¼úÀ» Áñ±â±â À§ÇÏ¿©.

1.

Fear of incurring the displeasure of the rulers because of the violation of some taboo.

2.

In order to practice minority religious rites.

3.

For the purpose of preserving valuable "spirit" or trade secrets.

4.

For the enjoyment of some special charm or magic.

70:7.3

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ºñ¹Ð ¾ö¼ö´Â, ¸ðµç ȸ¿øµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±× ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ½ÅºñÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» Çà»çÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ºñ¹Ð ¾ö¼ö´Â Ç㿵½ÉÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×°Í¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç½ÃÀÇ »çȸÀûÀΠƯ±ÇÀ» ´©¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °¡ÀÔµÈ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¼Ò³âµéÀÌ ¾î¸¥µé°ú ÇÔ²² »ç³ÉÀ» ³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é; ±× Àü¿¡´Â ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²² ½Ä¹°À» äÁýÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í »çÃá±â¿¡ °ÅÄ¡´Â ½ÃÇè¿¡ ÇÕ°ÝÇÏÁö ¸øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡ µé¾î°¡Áö ¸øÇÏ°í ¿©ÀÚµé°ú ¾î¸°¾ÆÀ̵é°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª¾àÇÑ ÀÚ·Î Ãë±Þ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀº ÃÖ±Ø ±¼¿å, ºÎÁ·ÀûÀÎ ¸Á½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ¿Ü¿¡µµ °¡ÀÔµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÚ´Â °áÈ¥ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

The very secrecy of these societies conferred on all members the power of mystery over the rest of the tribe. Secrecy also appeals to vanity; the initiates were the social aristocracy of their day. After initiation the boys hunted with the men; whereas before they had gathered vegetables with the women. And it was the supreme humiliation, a tribal disgrace, to fail to pass the puberty tests and thus be compelled to remain outside the men's abode with the women and children, to be considered effeminate. Besides, noninitiates were not allowed to marry.

70:7.4

¿ø½ÃÀεéÀº û³â±â¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¼º¿å(àõé¯)À» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. »çÃá±â¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ °áÈ¥ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ³²ÀÚ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ºÎ¸ð·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü·Ê°¡ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×µéÀÇ ±³À°°ú ÈÆ·ÃÀº ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ºñ¹Ð °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡°Ô À§ÀӵǾú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ´ÜüµéÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ±â´Éµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â û³â±â¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ÀþÀº ³²ÀÚµéÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ç»ý¾ÆÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Primitive people very early taught their adolescent youths sex control. It became the custom to take boys away from parents from puberty to marriage, their education and training being intrusted to the men's secret societies. And one of the chief functions of these clubs was to keep control of adolescent young men, thus preventing illegitimate children.

70:7.5

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³²ÀÚ ´ÜüµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ´ë°¡·Î µ·À» ÁöºÒÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »ó¾÷È­µÈ ¸ÅÃáÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃʱâÀÇ Áý´ÜµéÀº ¹æÁ¾ÇÑ ¼º°ü°è´Â ²Ï ¾ø´Â ÆíÀ̾ú´Ù.

Commercialized prostitution began when these men's clubs paid money for the use of women from other tribes. But the earlier groups were remarkably free from sex laxity.

70:7.6

»çÃá±âÀÇ °¡ÀÔ ÀǽÄÀº ´ë°³ 5³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. °íÇà(ÍÈú¼)°ú °íÅ뽺·´°Ô »óó¸¦ ³»´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ÀÌ ÀǽĿ¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´Ù. Çҷʰ¡ ÀÌµé ºñ¹Ð ÇüÁ¦¿ì¾Ö°ü°èµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¦ °³½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î¼­ óÀ½À¸·Î ½Ç½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÎÁ·ÀÇ Ç¥½ÄÀ» »çÃá±â °¡ÀÔ½ÄÀÇ ÀϺηΠÇǺΠÀ§¿¡ »õ°Ü ³Ö¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¹®½Å(Ùþãó)Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ È¸¿ø »ó¡ÀÇ Ç¥½Ã¿¡¼­ ±â¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¿Í °°Àº ½ÉÇÑ °íÅëÀº, ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ±ÃÇ̰ú ÇÔ²², ±× ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀ» ´Ü·Ã½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿©, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Çü°¨°ú ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °áÇÌÀ» ±×µéÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ »õ°ÜÁÖ±â À§ÇÏ¿© °í¾ÈµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀº ÈÄ´ë¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­ ¿îµ¿ °æ±âµé°ú À°Ã¼Àû °æ¿¬¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ º¸´Ù ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¼ºÃëµÇ¾ú´Ù.

The puberty initiation ceremony usually extended over a period of five years. Much self-torture and painful cutting entered into these ceremonies. Circumcision was first practiced as a rite of initiation into one of these secret fraternities. The tribal marks were cut on the body as a part of the puberty initiation; the tattoo originated as such a badge of membership. Such torture, together with much privation, was designed to harden these youths, to impress them with the reality of life and its inevitable hardships. This purpose is better accomplished by the later appearing athletic games and physical contests.

70:7.7

±×·¯³ª ºñ¹Ð °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº û³âµéÀÇ µµ´öÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃŰ´Â µ¥¿¡ ¸ñÀûÀ» µÎ¾ú´Âµ¥; »çÃá±â ¿¹½ÄÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¸ñÀûµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â ±×°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ ¾Æ³»µé¿¡°Ô °£¼·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±× ¼Ò³â¿¡°Ô ½É¾îÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

But the secret societies did aim at the improvement of adolescent morals; one of the chief purposes of the puberty ceremonies was to impress upon the boy that he must leave other men's wives alone.

70:7.8

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©·¯ ÇØ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ¼ö¾ç°ú ±³À°´Ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ¿¡ ±×¸®°í °áÈ¥ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö±â Àü¿¡, ±× ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀº ´ë°³ ªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÇѰ¡ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ ½Ã°£À» Áñ±æ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× µÚ¿¡´Â ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Í °áÈ¥ÇÏ¿´°í ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ±Ý±â »çÇ×µéÀ» Æò»ýÅä·Ï º¹Á¾Çϱâ·Î ¸Í¼¼ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ °ü½ÀÀº ¡°ÀþÀº Ç÷±â·Î ³­ºÀºÎ¸®±â¡±¶ó´Â ¾î¸®¼®Àº ¶×µýÁö°°Àº »ý°¢À¸·Î ±Ù´ë±îÁö °è¼Ó ÀüÇØ ³»·Á¿Ô´Ù.

Following these years of rigorous discipline and training and just before marriage, the young men were usually released for a short period of leisure and freedom, after which they returned to marry and to submit to lifelong subjection to the tribal taboos. And this ancient custom has continued down to modern times as the foolish notion of "sowing wild oats."

70:7.9

ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎÁ·µéÀº ¿©ÀεéÀÇ ºñ¹Ð ´Üü¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÑ °ÍÀº À强ÇÑ Ã³³àµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¾Æ³»¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Áغñ½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ¸ñÀû¿¡¼­¿´´Ù. ¼Ò³àµéÀº °¡ÀÔ½ÄÀÌ ÀÖÀº ÈÄ¿¡ °áÈ¥ÇÒ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³°í ¡°½ÅºÎ º¸¿©Áֱ⡱, ´ç´ëÀÇ ¼ºÀÎ ÃàÇÏ ÀÜÄ¡¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °áÈ¥¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϱâ·Î ¼­¾àÇÑ ¿©ÀÚµé °èÃþÀÌ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ »ý°å´Ù.

Many later tribes sanctioned the formation of women's secret clubs, the purpose of which was to prepare adolescent girls for wifehood and motherhood. After initiation girls were eligible for marriage and were permitted to attend the "bride show," the coming-out party of those days. Women's orders pledged against marriage early came into existence.

70:7.10

°áÈ¥ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ³²ÀÚµéÀÇ Áý´Ü°ú °áÈ¥ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ Áý´ÜÀÌ °¢°¢ µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶Á÷µÇÀÚ, ¸¶Ä§³» °ø°³ÀûÀÎ ´ÜüµéÀÌ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Çб³¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³²ÀÚµé°ú ¿©ÀÚµé Áý´ÜµéÀÌ Á¾Á¾ ¼­·Î¸¦ ±«·ÓÈù ¹Ý¸é, Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µéÀº ´Þ¶ó¸¶½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼±»ýµé°ú Á¢ÃËÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±â¼÷»ç¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Presently nonsecret clubs made their appearance when groups of unmarried men and groups of unattached women formed their separate organizations. These associations were really the first schools. And while men's and women's clubs were often given to persecuting each other, some advanced tribes, after contact with the Dalamatia teachers, experimented with coeducation, having boarding schools for both sexes.

70:7.11

ºñ¹Ð °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº ÁÖ·Î ±×µéÀÇ °¡ÀÔ½ÄÀÇ ½ÅºñÀûÀÎ ¼º°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »çȸ Ư±Ç°è±ÞµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇµµ·Ï ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀº ¸ÕÀú °¡¸éÀ» ¾²°í, ¾ÖµµÇÏ´Â ÀǽĦ¡Á¶»ó °æ¹è¦¡ÇöÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âÀÌÇÑ Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ ³î¶ó¼­ µµ¸Á°¡°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾±³¿¹½ÄÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, ±Í½ÅµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â »çÀ̺ñ °­½Åȸ(˽ãêüå)·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¡°»õ·Î¿î ź»ý¡±À» ³»¼¼¿ì´Â °í´ëÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº ½ÅÈ£µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç Ưº°ÇÑ ºñ¹Ð ¾ð¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù; ƯÁ¤ÇÑ À½½Äµé°ú À½·á¼öµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¹ãÀÇ °æÂû·Î Ȱµ¿ÇÏ¿´°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ »çȸ Ȱµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Secret societies contributed to the building up of social castes chiefly by the mysterious character of their initiations. The members of these societies first wore masks to frighten the curious away from their mourning rites -- ancestor worship. Later this ritual developed into a pseudo seance at which ghosts were reputed to have appeared. The ancient societies of the "new birth" used signs and employed a special secret language; they also forswore certain foods and drinks. They acted as night police and otherwise functioned in a wide range of social activities.

70:7.12

¸ðµç ºñ¹Ð ¿¬ÇÕüµéÀº ¼­¾àÀ» ºÎ°úÇϰí, ÀڽۨÀ» °­¿äÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ºñ¹ÐÀ» Áö۵µ·Ï °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀº ´Ü¿øµéÀ» À§¾ÐÇϰí Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀº °æºñ¸¦ ¸Ã´Â °øµ¿Ã¼·Î Ȱ¾àÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚüü¹ú ±ÔÄ¢À» ½ÇõÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÎÁ· °£ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ù ¹øÂ° Á¤Å½²ÛÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í ÆòÈ­ ½Ã¿¡´Â ù ¹øÂ° ºñ¹Ð°æÂûÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×µéÀº ºñ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ÕµéÀÌ ÁºҾȼ®¿¡ ¾É°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀ» »ó¼â½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ÕµéÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñ¹Ð°æÂûÀ» ¾ç¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù.

All secret associations imposed an oath, enjoined confidence, and taught the keeping of secrets. These orders awed and controlled the mobs; they also acted as vigilance societies, thus practicing lynch law. They were the first spies when the tribes were at war and the first secret police during times of peace. Best of all they kept unscrupulous kings on the anxious seat. To offset them, the kings fostered their own secret police.

70:7.13

ÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¤´çµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¤´çÁ¤Ä¡´Â ¡°°­ÇÑ Æí¡±°ú ¡°¾àÇÑ Æí¡±ÀÇ ´ë°á·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. °í´ë(ͯÓÛ)¿¡´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù²î°Ô µÇ¸é °ð ³»¶õ(Ò®Õ¯)ÀÌ µÚµû¶úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¾àÇÑ ÆíÀÌ °­ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ½À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀÔÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

These societies gave rise to the first political parties. The first party government was "the strong" vs. "the weak." In ancient times a change of administration only followed civil war, abundant proof that the weak had become strong.

70:7.14

ÀÌ ´ÜüµéÀº ºúÀ» µ¶ÃËÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »óÀε鿡°Ô °í¿ëµÇ¾ú°í ¼¼±ÝÀ» °ÅµÎ±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÅëÄ¡Àڵ鿡°Ô °í¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼±Ý ¡¼ö´Â ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÅõÀïÀ» °Þ¾ú´Âµ¥, °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÇüÅ´ ½ÊÀÏÁ¶(ä¨ìéðÉ), »ç³ÉÇÑ °Í°ú ¾àŻǰÀÇ 10ºÐÀÇ 1À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼¼±ÝÀº ±â¿øÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÕÀÇ ÁýÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¡¼öµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ½ÅÀü °æ¹è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Çå¹° Çϵµ·Ï ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¸¦ ½á¼­ ¡¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼ö¿ùÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

These clubs were employed by merchants to collect debts and by rulers to collect taxes. Taxation has been a long struggle, one of the earliest forms being the tithe, one tenth of the hunt or spoils. Taxes were originally levied to keep up the king's house, but it was found that they were easier to collect when disguised as an offering for the support of the temple service.

70:7.15

ÀÌÀ¹°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ¹Ð ¿¬ÇÕüµéÀÌ Á¡Á¡ Ä¿Á®¼­ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÀÚ¼± ´ÜüµéÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú°í ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÃʱâÀÇ Á¾±³Àû °øµ¿Ã¼¦¡±³È¸ÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚ¦¡·Î ÁøÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ¸¶Ä§³» ¿©·¯ ºÎÁ·µéÀ» Âü¿©½ÃŰ°Ô µÇ¾î, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±¹Á¦Àû ÇüÁ¦¿ì¾Ö°ü°è°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

By and by these secret associations grew into the first charitable organizations and later evolved into the earlier religious societies -- the forerunners of churches. Finally some of these societies became intertribal, the first international fraternities.


8. »çȸ µî±Þ
 


8. SOCIAL CLASSES

70:8.1

Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû À°Ã¼Àû ºÒÆòµîÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ »çȸ µî±ÞµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. »çȸÀû °èÃþÀÌ ¾ø´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼¼°è´Â °¡Àå ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è¿Í °¡Àå Áøº¸µÈ ¼¼°èÀÌ´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Åµ¿µÉ ¶§¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ »çȸÀû °èÃþÀÇ ºÐÈ­(ÝÂûù)°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ºû°ú »ý¸íÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ¼¼°è´Â, ÁøÈ­ÀÇ Áß°£ ´Ü°èµéÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÎ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Àηù ±¸ºÐÀÌ °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù.

The mental and physical inequality of human beings insures that social classes will appear. The only worlds without social strata are the most primitive and the most advanced. A dawning civilization has not yet begun the differentiation of social levels, while a world settled in light and life has largely effaced these divisions of mankind, which are so characteristic of all intermediate evolutionary stages.

70:8.2

»çȸ°¡ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¹Ì°³ÇÑ »óÅ·Π¹ßÀüµÇ¸é¼­, Àΰ£ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯µé ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿©·¯ °èÃþÀ¸·Î ³ª´µ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù:

As society emerged from savagery to barbarism, its human components tended to become grouped in classes for the following general reasons:

70:8.3

1. ÀÚ¿¬Àû¦¡Á¢ÃË, ģô °ü°è, °áÈ¥; ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »çȸÀû Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¼º(àõ), ³ªÀÌ, Ç÷Å릡¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®¿ÍÀÇ Ä£Ã´ °ü°è¦¡¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù.

1. Natural -- contact, kinship, and marriage; the first social distinctions were based on sex, age, and blood -- kinship to the chief.

70:8.4

2. °³ÀÎÀû¦¡´É·Â, Àγ»½É, ±â¼ú, °­ÀÎÇÔÀ» ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÔ; ¾ð¾î ´É·Â, Áö½Ä, ±×¸®°í ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áö¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ °ð µÚµû¶úÀ½.

2. Personal -- the recognition of ability, endurance, skill, and fortitude; soon followed by the recognition of language mastery, knowledge, and general intelligence.

70:8.5

3. ¿ì¿¬¦¡ÀüÀï°ú ÀÌÁÖ(ì¹ñ¬)·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ Àΰ£ Áý´ÜµéÀÇ ºÐ¸®°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁü. °èÃþÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â Á¤º¹, ½Â¸®ÀÚ¿Í ÇÇÁ¤º¹ÀÚÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Å©°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ´Â ÀÚÀ¯Àΰú ³ë¿¹·Î ³ª´©´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ »çȸ ºÐÈ­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

3. Chance -- war and emigration resulted in the separating of human groups. Class evolution was powerfully influenced by conquest, the relation of the victor to the vanquished, while slavery brought about the first general division of society into free and bond.

70:8.6

4. °æÁ¦Àû¦¡ºÎÀÚ¿Í °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ. Àç»ê°ú ³ë¿¹ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â »çȸÀÇ µî±ÞÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ±âÃÊ¿´´Ù.

4. Economic -- rich and poor. Wealth and the possession of slaves was a genetic basis for one class of society.

70:8.7

5. Áö¸®Àû¦¡Á¤ÂøµÈ °÷ÀÌ µµ½ÃÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ½Ã°ñÀÎÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ µî±ÞÀÌ °áÁ¤µÊ. µµ½Ã¿Í ½Ã°ñÀº, ¸ñÀÚ-³ó¾÷Àΰú »óÀÎ-»ê¾÷ÀÎÀÌ ±¸ºÐµÇµµ·Ï »ó´çÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í, ±×µéÀÇ °üÁ¡°ú ŵµ°¡ ¼­·Î Ʋ·ÁÁö°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

5. Geographic -- classes arose consequent upon urban or rural settlement. City and country have respectively contributed to the differentiation of the herder-agriculturist and the trader-industrialist, with their divergent viewpoints and reactions.

70:8.8

6. »çȸÀû¦¡¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Áý´ÜµéÀÇ »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ Æò°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °è±ÞµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÊ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ù¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ºÐÈ­(ÝÂûù)µé Áß¿¡´Â, »çÁ¦-¼±»ý, ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ-Àü»ç, ÀÚº»°¡-»óÀÎ, ÀÏ¹Ý ³ëµ¿ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ³ë¿¹ »çÀÌÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¶§·Î´Â ÀÚº»°¡ °è±Þ¿¡ µé¾î¿Àµµ·Ï ¼±ÅõǴ °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ³ë¿¹´Â °áÄÚ ÀÚº»°¡°¡ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

6. Social -- classes have gradually formed according to popular estimate of the social worth of different groups. Among the earliest divisions of this sort were the demarcations between priest-teachers, ruler-warriors, capitalist-traders, common laborers, and slaves. The slave could never become a capitalist, though sometimes the wage earner could elect to join the capitalistic ranks.

70:8.9

7. Á÷¾÷Àû¦¡Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ¼¼ºÐÈ­µÇÀÚ, ±×µéÀº ¹èŸÀûÀÎ °è±Þµé°ú Á¶ÇÕµéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¼¼ °¡Áö·Î ±¸ºÐµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥: ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ °è±ÞÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¼÷·ÃµÈ ±â¼úÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±â¼úÀÌ ¾ø´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ±× µÚ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.

7. Vocational -- as vocations multiplied, they tended to establish castes and guilds. Workers divided into three groups: the professional classes, including the medicine men, then the skilled workers, followed by the unskilled laborers.

70:8.10

8. Á¾±³Àû¦¡ÃʱâÀÇ »ç±³(Þ÷Îç) ´ÜüµéÀº ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ· ³»¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½Åµé ¸¸ÀÇ °è±ÞÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¿´°í, »çÁ¦µéÀÇ °æ°Ç°ú ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ´Â ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿À·§µ¿¾È º°µµÀÇ »çȸ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¿µ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

8. Religious -- the early cult clubs produced their own classes within the clans and tribes, and the piety and mysticism of the priests have long perpetuated them as a separate social group.

70:8.11

9. ÀÎÁ¾Àû¦¡ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ±¹°¡ ¶Ç´Â Áö¿ª ´ÜÀ§ ¾È¿¡ µÑ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÇ ÇöÁ¸Àº ´ë°³ »ö±ò¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °è±ÞÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ ±â¿øÀû °è±Þ Á¦µµ´Â, Ãʱâ ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, »ö±ò¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÐ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

9. Racial -- the presence of two or more races within a given nation or territorial unit usually produces color castes. The original caste system of India was based on color, as was that of early Egypt.

70:8.12

10. ³ªÀ̦¡¾î¸°ÀÌ¿Í ¼ºÀÎ. ºÎÁ·¹Îµé Áß¿¡¼­ ¼Ò³âÀº Àڱ⠾ƹöÁö°¡ »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ °¨µ¶À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼Ò³à´Â °áÈ¥ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

10. Age -- youth and maturity. Among the tribes the boy remained under the watchcare of his father as long as the father lived, while the girl was left in the care of her mother until married.

70:8.13

ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹®¸í¿¡°Ô´Â À¯¿¬ÇÏ°í º¯µ¿ÇÏ´Â »çȸÀû µî±ÞµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äºÒ°¡°á ÇÏÁö¸¸, µî±ÞÀÌ °èÃþÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¸é, »çȸÀû °è±ÞÀÌ ±»¾îÁö¸é, »çȸÀû ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀÇ ÁõÁøÀº °³ÀÎÀû ÁÖµµ¸¦ °¨¼ÒÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù. »çȸÀû °èÃþÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ê¾÷»çȸ¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇØ ÁÖ¾úÁö¸¸, µ¿½Ã¿¡ °³º°Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» °¡Â÷ ¾øÀÌ ÁÙÀÌ°í »çȸÀû Çùµ¿À» ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù.

Flexible and shifting social classes are indispensable to an evolving civilization, but when class becomes caste, when social levels petrify, the enhancement of social stability is purchased by diminishment of personal initiative. Social caste solves the problem of finding one's place in industry, but it also sharply curtails individual development and virtually prevents social co-operation.

70:8.14

°øµ¿Ã¼ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ µî±ÞµéÀº, ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Âµ¥, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀ̰í ÁöÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿µÀûÀÎ ÀÚ¿øµéÀ» ÀçÄ¡ ÀÖ°Ô Ã³¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÁøÈ­Àû ¼Ò¸êÀ» Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·èÇÒ ¶§±îÁö °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:

Classes in society, having naturally formed, will persist until man gradually achieves their evolutionary obliteration through intelligent manipulation of the biologic, intellectual, and spiritual resources of a progressing civilization, such as:

70:8.15

1. ÀÎÁ¾Àû Ç÷ÅëÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¼â½Å¦¡¿­µîÇÑ Àΰ£ Ç÷ÅëÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î µµÅ½ÃÅ´. À̰ÍÀº ¸¹Àº ÇÊ»çÀÚÀû ºÒ°øÆò¼ºÀ» ±ÙÀý½ÃŰ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

1. Biologic renovation of the racial stocks -- the selective elimination of inferior human strains. This will tend to eradicate many mortal inequalities.

70:8.16

2. ±×·¯ÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °³¼±À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÉ Çâ»óµÈ ÁöÀû(ò±îÜ) ÈûÀ» ±³À°ÀûÀ¸·Î ÈÆ·Ã½ÃÅ´.

2. Educational training of the increased brain power which will arise out of such biologic improvement.

70:8.17

3. ÇÊ»çÀÚµéÀÌ ¼­·Î ģô °ü°è¿Í ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Î Ȱ¼ºÈ­½ÃÅ´.

3. Religious quickening of the feelings of mortal kinship and brotherhood.

70:8.18

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥ÁصéÀº, ºñ·Ï ¹®È­Àû Áøº¸¸¦ ÃËÁø½ÃŰ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Áö´ÉÀûÀ̰í ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô ±×¸®°í Àγ»Çϸç Á¶Á¤ÇÑ °á°ú·Î ¸¹Àº »çȸÀû °³¼±ÀÌ Áï½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù ÇÏ¿©µµ, ¼öõ ³âÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ È帥 µÚ¿¡¾ß ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¿­¸Å¸¦ ¸ÎÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾±³´Â È¥¶õÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹®¸íÀ» µé¾î ¿Ã¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Áö·¿´ëÀÌÁö¸¸, °ß°íÇϰí Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »ó¼Ó üÁ¦¿¡ ´Ü´ÜÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ°í ÀÖ´Â °ß°íÇϰí Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¸¶À½À̶ó´Â ¹Þħ´ë¸¦ ¶°³ª¼­´Â ¾Æ¹« ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

But these measures can bear their true fruits only in the distant millenniums of the future, although much social improvement will immediately result from the intelligent, wise, and patient manipulation of these acceleration factors of cultural progress. Religion is the mighty lever that lifts civilization from chaos, but it is powerless apart from the fulcrum of sound and normal mind resting securely on sound and normal heredity.


9. Àΰ£ÀÇ ±Ç¸®
 


9. HUMAN RIGHTS

70:9.1

ÀÚ¿¬Àº »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°è¿Í »ý¸í À̿ܿ¡´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ç¸®µµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹«ÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ø½Ã¸² ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ±¾ÁÖ¸° È£¶ûÀÌ¿Í ¸¶ÁÖÃÆÀ» ¶§ ¹ß»ýµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º½À¸·Î½á Ãß·ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ, ÀÚ¿¬Àº »ì ±Ç¸®Á¶Â÷µµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â ÃÖ°í ÇýÅÃÀº ¾ÈÀüÀÌ´Ù.

Nature confers no rights on man, only life and a world in which to live it. Nature does not even confer the right to live, as might be deduced by considering what would likely happen if an unarmed man met a hungry tiger face to face in the primitive forest. Society's prime gift to man is security.

70:9.2

°øµ¿Ã¼´Â Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ±Ç¸®µéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ±×°ÍµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: