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PAPER 71

±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ßÀü


 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE

71:0.1

±¹°¡´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ À¯ÀÍÇÑ ÁøÈ­À̸ç; ÀüÀïÀÇ ÆÄ±«¿Í °íÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »çȸ°¡ ¾òÀº ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¼ø(âí)ÀÌÀÍÀÌ´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¼ö¿ÏÀº ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ºÎÁ·µé°ú ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ °æÀïÀûÀÎ ¹«·Â ´ÙÅùÀ» Á¶Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ´©ÀûµÈ ±â¹ý¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

THE state is a useful evolution of civilization; it represents society's net gain from the ravages and sufferings of war. Even statecraft is merely the accumulated technique for adjusting the competitive contest of force between the struggling tribes and nations.

71:0.2

±Ù´ëÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÅõÀï ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »ì¾Æ³²Àº Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. °á±¹¿¡´Â ÃÖ»óÀÇ ÈûÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ½Ã¹ÎÀº ±¹°¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© »ì°Å³ª Á×¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àý´ë Àǹ«¿¡¼­ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ½ÅÈ­¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇϳªÀÇ »ç½ÇÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Ã¼¦¡±¹°¡¦¡¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±¹°¡´Â ½Å¼ºÇÑ ±â¿ø¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç; ÀÇÁö¸¦ µ¿¿øÇÑ Áö´É Àΰ£ÀÇ Çൿ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç; ¼øÀüÈ÷ ÁøÈ­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ Á¦µµÀÌ°í ¿ÂÅë ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¿øµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

The modern state is the institution which survived in the long struggle for group power. Superior power eventually prevailed, and it produced a creature of fact -- the state -- together with the moral myth of the absolute obligation of the citizen to live and die for the state. But the state is not of divine genesis; it was not even produced by volitionally intelligent human action; it is purely an evolutionary institution and was wholly automatic in origin.


1. ±¹°¡ÀÇ Åµ¿
 


1. THE EMBRYONIC STATE

71:1.1

±¹°¡´Â Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Î »çȸ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â Á¶Á÷üÀ̸ç, °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÏ°í ´É·üÀûÀÌ°í ¿µ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡´Â ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ °øÅë ¾ð¾î, »çȸ°ü·Ê¿Í Á¦µµ¸¦ °®´Â ´ÜÀÏ ±¹¹ÎÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù.

The state is a territorial social regulative organization, and the strongest, most efficient, and enduring state is composed of a single nation whose people have a common language, mores, and institutions.

71:1.2

ÃʱâÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀº ¼Ò±Ô¸ð¿´°í ¸ðµÎ Á¤º¹ Ȱµ¿À¸·Î ¾ò¾îÁø °á°ú¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕ¿¡¼­ ±âÀÎµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µéÀÌ °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ À¯¸ñ¹Î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¼¿öÁ³°í, ±×µéÀº ÆòÈ­·Î¿î ¸ñÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â Á¤ÂøµÈ ³ó¹ÎµéÀ» ±Þ½ÀÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°í ³ë¿¹·Î »ïÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¤º¹ÀÇ °á°ú·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ±×·¯ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀº °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú°í °èÃþÈ­½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Âµ¥; µî±ÞÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú°í, µî±Þ °£ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀÌ Ç×»ó ¼±ÅõǾú´Ù.

The early states were small and were all the result of conquest. They did not originate in voluntary associations. Many were founded by conquering nomads, who would swoop down on peaceful herders or settled agriculturists to overpower and enslave them. Such states, resulting from conquest, were, perforce, stratified; classes were inevitable, and class struggles have ever been selective.

71:1.3

¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾ Áß¿¡¼­ ºÏÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÎÁ·µéÀº ÇÑ ¹øµµ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ ÇüŸ¦ ÀÌ·èÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ´À½¼ÇÑ ¿¬ÇÕ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼­´Â ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ °¡Àå °¡±õ°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀº ÀÌ·ÎÄÚÀ̽º ¿¬¸ÍÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÀÌ Áý´ÜÀº ±¹°¡·Î¼­ Á¦´ë·Î ±â´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú°í Á¸¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±Ù´ëÀû ±¹¹Î »ýȰ¿¡ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹® À̾ú´Ù:

The northern tribes of the American red men never attained real statehood. They never progressed beyond a loose confederation of tribes, a very primitive form of state. Their nearest approach was the Iroquois federation, but this group of six nations never quite functioned as a state and failed to survive because of the absence of certain essentials to modern national life, such as:

71:1.4

1. »çÀ¯Àç»êÀÇ È¹µæ°ú »ó¼Ó.

1. Acquirement and inheritance of private property.

71:1.5

2. µµ½Ãµé À̿ܿ¡ ³ó¾÷°ú »ê¾÷.

2. Cities plus agriculture and industry.

71:1.6

3. µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±æµéÀÎ µ¿¹°µé.

3. Helpful domestic animals.

71:1.7

4. ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ °¡Á¤ Á¶Á÷. ÀÌ Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾µéÀº ¸ð°è °¡Á·°ú Á¶Ä«¸¦ ÅëÇÑ »ó¼ÓÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù.

4. Practical family organization. These red men clung to the mother-family and nephew inheritance.

71:1.8

5. ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¿µÅä.

5. Definite territory.

71:1.9

6. °­·ÂÇÑ ÁýÇàÀÚ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®.

6. A strong executive head.

71:1.10

7. Æ÷·ÎµéÀÇ ³ë¿¹È­¦¡±×µéÀº ¾çÀÚ·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©ÁöµçÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ´ë·® ÇлìµÇ¾ú´Ù.

7. Enslavement of captives -- they either adopted or massacred them.

71:1.11

8. °ú´Ü¼º ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¹µé.

8. Decisive conquests.

71:1.12

Àû»ö ÀÎÁ¾µéÀº ³Ê¹« ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×µéÀº ÁÁÀº Á¤ºÎ¸¦ °¡Á³Áö¸¸, ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀεé°ú ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ÇüŸ¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â, º¸´Ù ¹ßÀüµÈ ¹é»ö ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÇ ¹®¸í°ú ÀÏÂï Ãæµ¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é, ±×µéÀÌ °á±¹ ±¹°¡ ÇüÅ·ΠÁøÈ­ÇÏ¿´À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The red men were too democratic; they had a good government, but it failed. Eventually they would have evolved a state had they not prematurely encountered the more advanced civilization of the white man, who was pursuing the governmental methods of the Greeks and the Romans.

71:1.13

·Î¸¶ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º°øÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °Íµé¿¡ ±âÃʵǾú´Ù:

The successful Roman state was based on:

 

 1. 

ºÎ°è-°¡Á·.

 2.

µ¿¹° ±æµéÀ̱â¿Í ³ó¾÷.

 3.

Àα¸ ÁýÁߦ¡µµ½Ãµé.

 4.

»çÀ¯Àç»ê°ú »çÀ¯Áö.

 5.

³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¦¡½Ã¹Î½ÅºÐÀÇ µî±Þµé.

 6.

¾àÇϰí Åðº¸µÈ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» Á¤º¹Çϰí ÀçÆí¼ºÇÔ.

 7.

µµ·Î¸ÁÀÌ ±¸ÃàµÈ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¿µÅä.

 8.

°³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í °­·ÂÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé.

1.

The father-family.

2.

Agriculture and the domestication of animals.

3.

Condensation of population -- cities.

4.

Private property and land.

5.

Slavery -- classes of citizenship.

6.

Conquest and reorganization of weak and backward peoples.

7.

Definite territory with roads.

8.

Personal and strong rulers.

71:1.14

·Î¸¶ ¹®¸í¿¡ À־ °¡Àå Ãë¾àÇÏ¿´´ø Á¡, ±×¸®°í ±× Á¦±¹ÀÌ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ºØ±«µÈ ¿äÀÎÀº, 21¼¼¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼Ò³âµéÀÇ ÇØ¹æ°ú ¼Ò³àµéÀÇ ¹«Á¶°ÇÀû ¹æ¸éÀ¸·Î½á, ±×³àµé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ³²ÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© °áÈ¥Çϵµ·Ï, ¶Ç´Â ¿Â ¶¥¿¡¼­ ºÎµµ´öÇÏ°Ô µÇ·Á°í ÇØ¿Ü·Î ³ª°¡µµ·Ï ÇØ¹æµÇ¾ú´ø, °³¹æÀûÀ̰í Áøº¸ÀûÀ̶ó°í Âø°¢ÇÑ Á¦µµ¿´´Ù. »çȸ¿¡ ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä£ °ÍÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³Çõµé ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇÑ °©ÀÛ½º·´°í ´ë±Ô¸ðÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ºØ±«´Â, ÇÑ ±¹°¡°¡ ³»ºÎÀûÀÎ ÅðÆó¿¡ À־ ³Ê¹« °©ÀÛ½º·´°Ô È®ÀåµÉ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

The great weakness in Roman civilization, and a factor in the ultimate collapse of the empire, was the supposed liberal and advanced provision for the emancipation of the boy at twenty-one and the unconditional release of the girl so that she was at liberty to marry a man of her own choosing or to go abroad in the land to become immoral. The harm to society consisted not in these reforms themselves but rather in the sudden and extensive manner of their adoption. The collapse of Rome indicates what may be expected when a state undergoes too rapid extension associated with internal degeneration.

71:1.15

±¹°¡ÀÇ Åµ¿Àº Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁöµµ·Ï Ç÷ÅëÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀÌ ¼èÅðÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÎÁ·µé °£ÀÇ ¿¬¸ÍÀº ´ë°³ Á¤º¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °ß°íÇÏ°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¼ÒÇÑ ÅõÀïµé°ú Áý´Ü °£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÁÖ±ÇÀÌ ÂüµÈ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÎ ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ¿©·¯ µî±Þ°ú Ư±Ç°è±Þ Á¦µµ°¡ ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¾¾Á·µé°ú ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ¸·Î½á ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷ü ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. º¸´Ù Å« ¿µÅ並 °®´Â ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÀÇ µ¿Á·À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¾¾Á· Áý´Üµé, °¡Á· üÁ¦·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¹°¡ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ °úµµ±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ºÎÁ· üÁ¦¿Í ¿À·§µ¿¾È °íÅ뽺·¯¿î ÅõÀïÀ» °Þ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È¿¡´Â ¹«¿ª°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ê¾÷ ¿¬ÇÕüµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿©·¯ ¾¾Á· Áý´ÜµéÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

The embryonic state was made possible by the decline of the blood bond in favor of the territorial, and such tribal federations were usually firmly cemented by conquest. While a sovereignty that transcends all minor struggles and group differences is the characteristic of the true state, still, many classes and castes persist in the later state organizations as remnants of the clans and tribes of former days. The later and larger territorial states had a long and bitter struggle with these smaller consanguineous clan groups, the tribal government proving a valuable transition from family to state authority. During later times many clans grew out of trades and other industrial associations.

71:1.16

±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÁý´ë¼ºµÇÁö ¸øÇϸé, À¯·´ÀÇ Áß¼¼½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ºÀ°ÇÁ¦µµÃ³·³, ÅëÄ¡ ±â¹ý¿¡ À־ ±¹°¡-ÀÌÀüÀÇ »óÅ·Π¿ªÇàÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÏÈæ±â µ¿¾È¿¡ Áö¿ª ±¹°¡´Â ºØ±«µÇ¾ú°í, ¼º(àò)À» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÀÇ Áý´Ü, ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·´Ü°èÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÌ ÀçÇöµÇ´Â »óÅ·ΠµÇµ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù. ±×¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÁØ(ñÞ)±¹°¡µéÀÌ Áö±Ý±îÁöµµ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÁøÈ­ÀûÀÎ ÈÄÅð´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ´Ù¼ö°¡, ¹Ì·¡¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹è¾Æ°¡ µÇ´Â ÇÙÀÌ´Ù.

Failure of state integration results in retrogression to prestate conditions of governmental techniques, such as the feudalism of the European Middle Ages. During these dark ages the territorial state collapsed, and there was a reversion to the small castle groups, the reappearance of the clan and tribal stages of development. Similar semistates even now exist in Asia and Africa, but not all of them are evolutionary reversions; many are the embryonic nucleuses of states of the future.


2. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎÀÇ ÁøÈ­
 


2. THE EVOLUTION OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

71:2.1

¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â, ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÌ»ó(×âßÌ)Àε¥, ¹®¸íÀÇ »ê¹°À̰í, ÁøÈ­ÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼Óµµ¸¦ ´ÊÃß¾î¶ó! ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô ¼±ÅÃÇ϶ó! ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ¼Ó¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº À§ÇèÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù:

Democracy, while an ideal, is a product of civilization, not of evolution. Go slowly! select carefully! for the dangers of democracy are:

 

 1. 

Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÔ.

 2.

¹Ø¹Ù´ÚÀÇ ¹«½ÄÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÔ.

 3.

»çȸÀû ÁøÈ­ÀÇ ±âº» »ç½ÇµéÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÔ.

 4.

¹«ÁöÇÏ°í ³ªÅÂÇÑ ´Ù¼öÆÄÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ Áã¾îÁø ¸¸ÀÎ °øÅëÀÇ ¼±°Å±ÇÀÇ À§Ç輺.

 5.

¿©·Ð¿¡ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÊ; ´Ù¼öÆÄÀÇ ÀǰßÀÌ Ç×»ó ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

1.

Glorification of mediocrity.

2.

Choice of base and ignorant rulers.

3.

Failure to recognize the basic facts of social evolution.

4.

Danger of universal suffrage in the hands of uneducated and indolent majorities.

5.

Slavery to public opinion; the majority is not always right.

71:2.2

¿©·Ð, »çȸ ÀϹÝÀÇ ÀǰßÀº »çȸ¸¦ Ç×»ó Áöü½ÃŰÁö¸¸; ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀº À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀε¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »çȸÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÌ Å𺸵Ǵ µ¿¾È¿¡µµ ¹®¸íÀ» °è¼Ó À¯ÁöÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·ÐÀ» ÈÆ·Ã½ÃŰ´Â Àϸ¸ÀÌ ¹®¸íÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃŰ´Â ¾ÈÀüÇϰí ÂüµÈ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̸ç; °­¾ÐÀº ÀÓ½ÃÀûÀÎ Æí¹ý¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê°í, ÃѾËÀÌ ÃÑÀÇ¿¡ ±æÀ» ³»¾î Áָ鼭, ¹®¸íÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ °¡¼ÓÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·Ð, »çȸ°ü·Ê´Â, »çȸÀû ÁøÈ­¿Í ±¹°¡ ¹ßÀü¿¡ À־ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÌ°í ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¿øµ¿·ÂÀÌÁö¸¸; ±¹°¡¿¡ À¯ÀÍÀ» ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­´Â ±× Ç¥Çö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀ̾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

Public opinion, common opinion, has always delayed society; nevertheless, it is valuable, for, while retarding social evolution, it does preserve civilization. Education of public opinion is the only safe and true method of accelerating civilization; force is only a temporary expedient, and cultural growth will increasingly accelerate as bullets give way to ballots. Public opinion, the mores, is the basic and elemental energy in social evolution and state development, but to be of state value it must be nonviolent in expression.

71:2.3

»çȸÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡´Â, ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀΠǥÇö ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿©·ÐÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ Çà½Ç°ú ±¹°¡ ±Ô¹üÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ÂüÀ¸·Î ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿©·ÐÀÌ °³ÀÎ ÂüÁ¤±ÇÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î µ¡ÀÔÇôÁú ¶§ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ¿Ô¾ú´Ù. ´ëÁßÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ¾î¶² ÀϵéÀ» Ç×»ó ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×¸©µÈ ÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù ÇØµµ ±×µéÀº ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ±æÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ÁøÈ­°¡ Áï½Ã ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ¿ÏÀü¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸, »ó´ëÀûÀÌ°í ¹ßÀüÀûÀÎ ½Ç¿ëÀû Á¶ÀýÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÑ´Ù.

The measure of the advance of society is directly determined by the degree to which public opinion can control personal behavior and state regulation through nonviolent expression. The really civilized government had arrived when public opinion was clothed with the powers of personal franchise. Popular elections may not always decide things rightly, but they represent the right way even to do a wrong thing. Evolution does not at once produce superlative perfection but rather comparative and advancing practical adjustment.

71:2.4

´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎÀÇ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ̰í È¿°úÀûÀÎ ÇüŰ¡ ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡´Â 10°³ÀÇ °è´Ü ¶Ç´Â ´Ü°èµéÀÌ Àִµ¥, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

There are ten steps, or stages, to the evolution of a practical and efficient form of representative government, and these are:

71:2.5

1. °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ, ³ó³ëÁ¦µµ, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àΰ£ ¼Ó¹ÚÀÌ »ç¶óÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

1. Freedom of the person. Slavery, serfdom, and all forms of human bondage must disappear.

71:2.6

2. ¸¶À½ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸®´Â ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ±³À°¦¡ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϰí Çö¸íÇÏ°Ô °èȹÇϵµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä§¦¡À» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϸé, ÀÚÀ¯´Â ´ë°³ À¯ÀÍÇϱ⺸´Ù ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

2. Freedom of the mind. Unless a free people are educated -- taught to think intelligently and plan wisely -- freedom usually does more harm than good.

71:2.7

3. ¹ýÀÇ ±Ç¼¼. Àΰ£ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í º¯´ö½º·¯¿òÀÌ, ÀÎÁ¤µÈ ±âº»Àû ¹ý¿¡ µû¸£´Â ÀÔ¹ýºÎÀÇ ¹ý Á¦Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´ëÄ¡µÉ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸, ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

3. The reign of law. Liberty can be enjoyed only when the will and whims of human rulers are replaced by legislative enactments in accordance with accepted fundamental law.

71:2.8

4. ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿­¸Á°ú °ßÇØ¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÇüÅ¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ´Â »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼öÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Ù.

4. Freedom of speech. Representative government is unthinkable without freedom of all forms of expression for human aspirations and opinions.

71:2.9

5. Àç»êÀÇ ¾ÈÀü º¸Àå. ¾î¶² ÇüÅ·εçÁö °³ÀÎÀÇ Àç»ê±ÇÀ» ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎµµ ¿À·¡ ÁöÅÊÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎ Àç»êÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí Á¶Á¤Çϰí Áõ¿©ÇÏ°í ÆÈ°í ºô·ÁÁÖ¸ç Èļ¼¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁֱ⸦ ¿­¸ÁÇÑ´Ù.

5. Security of property. No government can long endure if it fails to provide for the right to enjoy personal property in some form. Man craves the right to use, control, bestow, sell, lease, and bequeath his personal property.

71:2.10

6. ź¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» µé¾î¾ßÇÒ Àǹ«°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ź¿øÀº ÀÚÀ¯ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ Æ¯±ÇÀÌ´Ù.

6. The right of petition. Representative government assumes the right of citizens to be heard. The privilege of petition is inherent in free citizenship.

71:2.11

7. Á¦¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®. ÀǰßÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Î´Â ºÎÁ·ÇÏ´Ù; ź¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀº Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤µµ±îÁö ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

7. The right to rule. It is not enough to be heard; the power of petition must progress to the actual management of the government.

71:2.12

8. º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÅõÇ¥±Ç. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ´Â Áö´ÉÀû, È¿À²Àû, º¸ÆíÀû ¼±°ÅÀÎÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼º°Ý°ú ´É·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª °áÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Áøº¸µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó, ¼º(àõ) Â÷º°À» µÎÁö ¾Ê´Â º¸Æí¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é, ÅõÇ¥±ÇÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î °³¼±µÇ°í, ÀçÆí¼ºµÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Â÷º°È­ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

8. Universal suffrage. Representative government presupposes an intelligent, efficient, and universal electorate. The character of such a government will ever be determined by the character and caliber of those who compose it. As civilization progresses, suffrage, while remaining universal for both sexes, will be effectively modified, regrouped, and otherwise differentiated.

71:2.13

9. °ø¹«¿øµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶Á¤. ¸¸ÀÏ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ °ø¹«¿øµé°ú ±¹°¡ ±â°ü¿øµéÀ» ÁöµµÇϰí Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â Çö¸íÇÑ ±â¹ýÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎµµ ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç È¿·ÂÀÌ ¾ø°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

9. Control of public servants. No civil government will be serviceable and effective unless the citizenry possess and use wise techniques of guiding and controlling officeholders and public servants.

71:2.14

10. Áö´ÉÀûÀ̰í ÈÆ·ÃµÈ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚ. ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ýÁ¸ ¿©ºÎ´Â ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖÀ¸¸ç; ±â¼úÀûÀ¸·Î ÈÆ·ÃµÇ°í, ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´ÉÇϰí, »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î Ãæ½ÇÇÏ¸ç µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÇÕÇÑ °³º°Á¸Àçµé¸¸À» °ü°ø¼­ Á÷¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâÇÏ´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ Áغñ°¡ °®Ãß¾îÁ³À» ¶§¿¡¸¸, ±¹¹ÎÀÇ, ±¹¹Î¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ, ±¹¹ÎÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ·Î À¯ÁöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

10. Intelligent and trained representation. The survival of democracy is dependent on successful representative government; and that is conditioned upon the practice of electing to public offices only those individuals who are technically trained, intellectually competent, socially loyal, and morally fit. Only by such provisions can government of the people, by the people, and for the people be preserved.


3. ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡
 


3. THE IDEALS OF STATEHOOD

71:3.1

Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¶Ç´Â ÇàÁ¤Àû ÇüÅ´Â, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸¸ÀÏ ½Ã¹Î »çȸÀÇ Áøº¸¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÏ´Â º»ÁúÀûÀÎ °Íµé-ÇØ¹æ, ¾ÈÀü, ±³À°, ±×¸®°í »çȸÀû ÇÕµ¿À» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù¸é °ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »çȸ°¡ Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â °æ·Î´Â, ±¹°¡°¡ ¾î¶² »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´À³Ä°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °á±¹¿¡´Â, ±×µéÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿¹½ÃµÇµíÀÌ, ¾î¶² ±¹°¡µµ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡Ä¡°üÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¹«Áö¿Í À̱â½ÉÀº ¾Æ¹«¸® ³ôÀº À¯ÇüÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¶óµµ Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¸ô¶ô½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The political or administrative form of a government is of little consequence provided it affords the essentials of civil progress -- liberty, security, education, and social co-ordination. It is not what a state is but what it does that determines the course of social evolution. And after all, no state can transcend the moral values of its citizenry as exemplified in their chosen leaders. Ignorance and selfishness will insure the downfall of even the highest type of government.

71:3.2

¸Å¿ì À¯°¨ÀÌÁö¸¸, ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ À̱âÁÖÀÇ´Â »çȸ°¡ »ì¾Æ³²±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¼±ÅÃµÈ ¹ÎÁ·À̶ó´Â ½ÅÁ¶´Â ºÎÁ·ÀÇ °á¼Ó°ú ±¹°¡ °Ç¼³¿¡ À־ Çö´ë¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ¾î¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÆíÇù¼ºÀÌ Á¤º¹µÉ ¶§±îÁö´Â ¾î¶² ±¹°¡µµ ±â´É Ȱµ¿¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀû Â÷¿øÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç; ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡ À־ ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ·Î¿î ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÆíÇù¼ºÀº °úÇÐ, »ó¾÷, ³îÀÌ ±×¸®°í Á¾±³ÀÇ ÇÕµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÃÖ»óÀ¸·Î ¹°¸®ÃÄÁø´Ù.

Much as it is to be regretted, national egotism has been essential to social survival. The chosen people doctrine has been a prime factor in tribal welding and nation building right on down to modern times. But no state can attain ideal levels of functioning until every form of intolerance is mastered; it is everlastingly inimical to human progress. And intolerance is best combated by the co-ordination of science, commerce, play, and religion.

71:3.3

ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡´Â °­·ÂÇÏ°í °øµ¿À¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿å±¸ÀÇ Àڱؿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±â´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÑ´Ù:

The ideal state functions under the impulse of three mighty and co-ordinated drives:

 

 1. 

Àΰ£ÀÌ ¼­·Î ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐÀÎ °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ½À¸·Î½á Çü¼ºµÇ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Ãæ¼º½É.

 2.

Çö¸íÇÑ ÀÌ»óµéÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ´Â Áö´ÉÀûÀÎ ¾Ö±¹½É.

 3.

Ç༺ÀÇ »ç½Ç°ú ÇÊ¿ä ±×¸®°í ¸ñÇ¥·Î¼­ ÇØ¼®ÇÑ Á¶È­¿ìÁÖÀû ÅëÂû·Â.

1.

Love loyalty derived from the realization of human brotherhood.

2.

Intelligent patriotism based on wise ideals.

3.

Cosmic insight interpreted in terms of planetary facts, needs, and goals.

71:3.4

ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ýµéÀº ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀ¸¸ç, ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ±Ý±â »çÇ× ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÇÇÇÏ¿©, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¾Æ-Á¶Á¤À¸·Î ¹ßÀüµÈ °³º°Àû ÇØ¹æÀ̶ó´Â ±àÁ¤Àû Áøº¸ÀÇ ½Ã´ë·Î ¿Å°Ü°¬´Ù. °í¾çµÈ ±¹°¡´Â ±× ½Ã¹Îµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï ÀçÃËÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ±â°è ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °íÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÈ °á°ú·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Á¡ÁõÀûÀÎ ¿©°¡½Ã°£À» À¯ÀÍÇϰí À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ±×µéÀ» À¯µµÇÑ´Ù. ¿©°¡½Ã°£Àº »êÃâµÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼Ò¸ðµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

The laws of the ideal state are few in number, and they have passed out of the negativistic taboo age into the era of the positive progress of individual liberty consequent upon enhanced self-control. The exalted state not only compels its citizens to work but also entices them into profitable and uplifting utilization of the increasing leisure which results from toil liberation by the advancing machine age. Leisure must produce as well as consume.

71:3.5

³ªÅÂÇÔÀ» Çã¿ëÇϰųª ºó°ïÀ» ¹¬ÀÎÇÏ´Â ÇÑ, ¾î¶² »çȸµµ ¸Ö¸®±îÁö Áøº¸ÇØ ³ª°¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖ°í ÅðÈ­µÈ Ç÷ÅëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô º¸È£¹Þ°í ¾Æ¹« Á¦ÇÑ ¾øÀÌ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ³ºµµ·Ï Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é, ºó°ï°ú ÀÇÁ¸ »óÅ´ °áÄÚ »ç¶óÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

No society has progressed very far when it permits idleness or tolerates poverty. But poverty and dependence can never be eliminated if the defective and degenerate stocks are freely supported and permitted to reproduce without restraint.

71:3.6

µµ´ö »çȸ´Â ½Ã¹ÎÀ̶ó´Â ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¾Æ-Á¸ÁßÀ» º¸Á¸Çϰí, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °³º°Á¸Àçµé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ¾Æ-½ÇÇöÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ¸ñÀûÀ» µÎ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »çȸÀû ¼ºÃë °èȹÀº °¡Àå ³ôÀº °èÃþÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹®È­ »çȸ¸¦ ÀÌ·èÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çȸÀû ÁøÈ­´Â, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Á¶Á¤ ±ÔÁ¤À» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ Â÷¿øÀÇ °¨µ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àå·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ¼ÒÇѵµ·Î Áö¹èÇϸ鼭 °¡Àå Àß Çùµ¿µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ÃÖ»óÀÇ ±¹°¡ÀÌ´Ù.

A moral society should aim to preserve the self-respect of its citizenry and afford every normal individual adequate opportunity for self-realization. Such a plan of social achievement would yield a cultural society of the highest order. Social evolution should be encouraged by governmental supervision which exercises a minimum of regulative control. That state is best which co-ordinates most while governing least.

71:3.7

ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ ÇüÅ´ ÁøÈ­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ½Ã¹Î ÀǽÄ, »çȸÀû ºÀ»çÀÇ Àǹ«¿Í Ư±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÇ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Þ¼ºµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÌ±Ç ¿îµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿î¿µ °á°ú·Î µû¶ó¿À´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Àǹ«·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ¸·Î½á, °¡Àå Å« ¸í¿¹·Î½á ±×·¯ÇÑ Á÷Ã¥À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² Â÷¿øÀ̵çÁö ¹®¸íÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â ±¹°¡ ±â°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ«µéÀ» ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÇÏ´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ´É·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.

The ideals of statehood must be attained by evolution, by the slow growth of civic consciousness, the recognition of the obligation and privilege of social service. At first men assume the burdens of government as a duty, following the end of the administration of political spoilsmen, but later on they seek such ministry as a privilege, as the greatest honor. The status of any level of civilization is faithfully portrayed by the caliber of its citizens who volunteer to accept the responsibilities of statehood.

71:3.8

»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·èÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû ¶Ç´Â »ó¾÷Àû ¿¬ÇÕüµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÂüµÈ ¿¬¹æ¿¡¼­´Â, µµ½Ãµé°ú Áö¹æÀ» ´Ù½º¸®´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¼÷·ÃÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼öÇàµÇ°í °ü¸®µÈ´Ù.

In a real commonwealth the business of governing cities and provinces is conducted by experts and is managed just as are all other forms of economic and commercial associations of people.

71:3.9

Áøº¸µÈ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â, Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÀ»ç°¡ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº Çå½ÅÀ¸·Î Á¸ÁߵȴÙ. °¡Àå Çö¸íÇÏ°í °í»óÇÑ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¾ß¸ÁÀº ½Ã¹Î »çȸÀÇ ÀÎÁ¤À» ¾ò´Â °Í, Á¤ºÎ°¡ À§Å¹ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¹ßŹµÇ°Å³ª ÁöÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸í¿¹¸¦ ±×µéÀÇ ¹Î°£ÀÎ °í¿ëÀεé°ú »çȸ °í¿ëÀε鿡°Ô ¼ö¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸í¿¹´Â öÇÐÀÚµé, ±³À°°¡µé, °úÇÐÀÚµé, »ê¾÷ÀÎµé ±×¸®°í ±ºÀε鿡°Ô ¼ö¿©µÈ´Ù. ºÎ¸ðµéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀÚ³àµéÀÇ ¿ì¼ö¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¤´çÇÑ º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ°í, ¼ø¼öÇÑ Á¾±³ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ¿µÀû ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ ´ë»ç(ÓÞÞÅ)µéÀÌ µÇ¾î ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼»ó ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÂüµÈ º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

In advanced states, political service is esteemed as the highest devotion of the citizenry. The greatest ambition of the wisest and noblest of citizens is to gain civil recognition, to be elected or appointed to some position of governmental trust, and such governments confer their highest honors of recognition for service upon their civil and social servants. Honors are next bestowed in the order named upon philosophers, educators, scientists, industrialists, and militarists. Parents are duly rewarded by the excellency of their children, and purely religious leaders, being ambassadors of a spiritual kingdom, receive their real rewards in another world.


4. Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ ¹®¸í
 


4. PROGRESSIVE CIVILIZATION

71:4.1

°æÁ¦¿Í »çȸ ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ´Â, Á¸¼ÓµÇ´Â ÇÑ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁøÈ­µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è¿¡ À־ Á¤ÁöµÈ »óÅ´ ¼èÅ𸦠ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù; ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â È帧 ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â Á¦µµµé¸¸ÀÌ À¯ÁöµÈ´Ù.

Economics, society, and government must evolve if they are to remain. Static conditions on an evolutionary world are indicative of decay; only those institutions which move forward with the evolutionary stream persist.

71:4.2

È®´ëµÇ´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ Áøº¸ °úÁ¤Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀ» ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù:

The progressive program of an expanding civilization embraces:

 

 1. 

°³º°ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¹æ º¸Á¸

 2.

°¡Á¤ º¸È£.

 3.

°æÁ¦Àû ¾ÈÀü ÁõÁø.

 4.

Áúº´ ¿¹¹æ.

 5.

Àǹ« ±³À°.

 6.

°í¿ë Àǹ«.

 7.

¿©°¡ ½Ã°£ÀÇ À¯ÀÍÇÑ È°¿ë.

 8.

ºÒÇàÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» º¸»ìÇË.

 9.

ÀÎÁ¾ °³¼±.

 10.

°úÇаú ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁõÁø.

 11.

öÇЦ¡ÁöÇý¦¡ÀÇ ÁøÈï.

 12.

Á¶È­¿ìÁÖ ÅëÂû·Â¦¡¿µ¼º(çÏàõ)¦¡ÀÇ È®´ë.

1.

Preservation of individual liberties.

2.

Protection of the home.

3.

Promotion of economic security.

4.

Prevention of disease.

5.

Compulsory education.

6.

Compulsory employment.

7.

Profitable utilization of leisure.

8.

Care of the unfortunate.

9.

Race improvement.

10.

Promotion of science and art.

11.

Promotion of philosophy -- wisdom.

12.

Augmentation of cosmic insight -- spirituality.

71:4.3

±×¸®°í ¹®¸íÀÇ ±â±³¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áøº¸´Â ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå °í»óÇÑ Àΰ£Àû ±×¸®°í ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀÇ ½ÇÇö¦¡Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °¢ °³º°Á¸ÀçÀÇ ÃÖ±Ø ¿­¸Á ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô µÇ´Â, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸÀû ¼ºÃë¿Í, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀû ÁöÀ§¦¡À» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯µµÇÑ´Ù.

And this progress in the arts of civilization leads directly to the realization of the highest human and divine goals of mortal endeavor -- the social achievement of the brotherhood of man and the personal status of God-consciousness, which becomes revealed in the supreme desire of every individual to do the will of the Father in heaven.

71:4.4

ÂüµÈ ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐÀÇ ÃâÇöÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÁüÀ» ±â»Ú°Ô °¨´çÇÏ´Â »óÅ¿¡ ¾î´À »çȸ °èÃþÀÌ µµ´ÞÇÏ¿´À½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù; ±×µéÀº Ȳ±Ý·üÀ» ½ÇõÇϱ⸦ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çã¾àÇÑ ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â »ç¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ, Áø¸®¿Í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±(à¼)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÁÖ·Î ÇൿÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÒ°øÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í Å͹«´Ï¾øÀÌ ¿ªÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á°í ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »çȸ´Â ½ÇÇöµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °¡Áö °úÁ¤¸¸ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾ´Âµ¥; ±× ¡°È²±Ý·üµé¡±Àº, ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¼ºÇâÀ» ºÎ´çÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇϰųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×µéÀÇ Áøº¸µÈ ¹®¸íÀ» ÆÄ±«½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì°³ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ôµé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹æ¾î¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ»ó(×âßÌ)¿¡ µû¶ó »ì¾Æ°¨À¸·Î½á Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ »çȸ¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

The appearance of genuine brotherhood signifies that a social order has arrived in which all men delight in bearing one another's burdens; they actually desire to practice the golden rule. But such an ideal society cannot be realized when either the weak or the wicked lie in wait to take unfair and unholy advantage of those who are chiefly actuated by devotion to the service of truth, beauty, and goodness. In such a situation only one course is practical: The "golden rulers" may establish a progressive society in which they live according to their ideals while maintaining an adequate defense against their benighted fellows who might seek either to exploit their pacific predilections or to destroy their advancing civilization.

71:4.5

°¢ ¼¼´ëÀÇ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ º¸´Ù ³·Àº °èÃþÀÇ Àΰ£¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½º½º·Î ¸êÀýµÇµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÁøÈ­ÇÏ´Â Ç༺ À§¿¡¼­ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀǰ¡ Á¸¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ½ÃÇèÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù: À̱âÀûÀÎ À̵æ°ú ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ È®´ëÁõ°­À» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ ¿î¿µÀ» ÅëÇØ ±º»ç·ÂÀ» Ű¿ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â À¯È¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ ´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ÀüÀïÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¸ðµç °ø°ÝÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ±º»çÀû ¹æ¾îż¼¸¦ Áøº¸µÈ »çȸ°¡ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±¹¹ÎÀÇ »ýÁ¸À» À§Çؼ­´Â ¹æ¾î ż¼°¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ¸ç, Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀǸ¸ÀÌ ¹æ¾î ż¼°¡ È£Àü¼ºÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î´Â º¯ÀýÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶û°ú ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐ¸¸ÀÌ, °­ÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ ¾àÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Idealism can never survive on an evolving planet if the idealists in each generation permit themselves to be exterminated by the baser orders of humanity. And here is the great test of idealism: Can an advanced society maintain that military preparedness which renders it secure from all attack by its war-loving neighbors without yielding to the temptation to employ this military strength in offensive operations against other peoples for purposes of selfish gain or national aggrandizement? National survival demands preparedness, and religious idealism alone can prevent the prostitution of preparedness into aggression. Only love, brotherhood, can prevent the strong from oppressing the weak.


5. °æÀïÀÇ ÁøÈ­
 


5. THE EVOLUTION OF COMPETITION

71:5.1

°æÀïÀº »çȸÀû Áøº¸¿¡ Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±ÔÁ¦µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °æÀïÀº Æø·ÂÀ» À¯¹ß½ÃŲ´Ù. Çö´ë »çȸ¿¡ À־ °æÀïÀº »ê¾÷ »çȸ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ °³º°Á¸ÀçÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¹ßÈÖµÊÀ¸·Î½á ÀüÀïÀ» ¼­¼­È÷ ´ëÄ¡½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× »ê¾÷µé ÀÚüÀÇ »ýÁ¸À» °áÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. (»çȸ°ü·Ê ¾Õ¿¡¼­´Â »ìÀΰú ÀüÀïÀÌ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥µ¥, »ìÀÎÀº »çȸÀÇ Ãʱ⠽ôë ÀÌÈÄ·Î ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î¿Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ÀüÀïÀº Áö±Ý±îÁö Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÝÁöµÈ ÀûÀÌ ÇÑ ¹øµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.)

Competition is essential to social progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In current society, competition is slowly displacing war in that it determines the individual's place in industry, as well as decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder and war differ in their status before the mores, murder having been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.)

71:5.2

ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡´Â, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ µ¶Ã¢¼º¿¡ À־ ºÒ°øÁ¤ÇÔÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ°í °³º°ÀûÀÎ °æÀïÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â Æø·ÂÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î¸¸ »çȸÀû ÇàÀ§¼ºÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ±¹°¡ Á¦µµÀÇ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¿©±â¿¡ Àִµ¥: ³ÊÈñµéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ê¾÷¿¡ À־ÀÇ ÆòÈ­¿Í ¾ÈÁ¤À» º¸ÀåÇϰí, ±¹°¡ ÈûÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³³ºÎÇϸç, ±×¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ê¾÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼¼±Ý ¡¼ö¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϸ鼭 ±¹°¡°¡ ±â»ýÀû(ÐößæîÜ)ÀÌ°í ¾ÐÁ¦Àû »óÅ·Π¹Ù²îÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?

The ideal state undertakes to regulate social conduct only enough to take violence out of individual competition and to prevent unfairness in personal initiative. Here is a great problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet in industry, pay the taxes to support state power, and at the same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical?

71:5.3

¾î¶² ³ª¶óµçÁö Ãʱ⠽ô뿡´Â ¹®¸íÀÌ Áøº¸¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ À־ °æÀïÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÁøÈ­°¡ ÁøÃ´µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó, Çùµ¿ üÁ¦°¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ È¿·ÂÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áøº¸µÈ ¹®¸í»çȸ¿¡ À־, Çùµ¿Àº °æÀﺸ´Ù ÈξÀ È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù. Ãʱ⠻ç¶÷Àº °æÀï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. Ãʱâ ÁøÈ­ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀº »ý¹°ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¹®¸íÀº Áö´ÉÀûÀÎ Çùµ¿°ú ³³µæÇÏ´Â ÇüÁ¦¿ì¾Ö°ü°è ±×¸®°í ¿µÀûÀÎ ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´õ Àß ÁõÁøµÈ´Ù.

Throughout the earlier ages of any world, competition is essential to progressive civilization. As the evolution of man progresses, co-operation becomes increasingly effective. In advanced civilizations co-operation is more efficient than competition. Early man is stimulated by competition. Early evolution is characterized by the survival of the biologically fit, but later civilizations are the better promoted by intelligent co-operation, understanding fraternity, and spiritual brotherhood.

71:5.4

»ç½Ç, »ê¾÷»çȸ¿¡ À־ÀÇ °æÀïÀº ¸Å¿ì ³¶ºñÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ°í ½ÉÈ÷ ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû ¼Õ½Ç Ȱµ¿À» ÁÙÀ̰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Á¶ÀýÀÌ °³º°Á¸ÀçÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¹æÀ» Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ Æó±â½ÃŰ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Â´Ù¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ´Â °áÄÚ Çã¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

True, competition in industry is exceedingly wasteful and highly ineffective, but no attempt to eliminate this economic lost motion should be countenanced if such adjustments entail even the slightest abrogation of any of the basic liberties of the individual.


6. ÀÌÀÍÀÇ µ¿±â
 


6. THE PROFIT MOTIVE

71:6.1

¿À´Ã³¯, ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀÇ °æÁ¦´Â, ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â°¡ ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±â¿Í ÇÕÃÄÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, ÆÄ¸ê¿¡ À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÆíÇùÇÑ ÀÚ¾Æ-°ü½É¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ °æÀïÀº, À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °Íµé±îÁöµµ °á±¹ ÆÄ±«½ÃŲ´Ù. ¹èŸÀûÀ̰í ÀÚ¾Æ-ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸Çϴ ŵµ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó(×âßÌ)°ú ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù¦¡¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú´Â ´õ¿í ¸ð¼øµÈ´Ù.

Present-day profit-motivated economics is doomed unless profit motives can be augmented by service motives. Ruthless competition based on narrow-minded self-interest is ultimately destructive of even those things which it seeks to maintain. Exclusive and self-serving profit motivation is incompatible with Christian ideals -- much more incompatible with the teachings of Jesus.

71:6.2

°æÁ¦¿¡ À־ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â´Â, Á¾±³¿¡ À־ µÎ·Á¿òÀÌ »ç¶ûÀ» ÇâÇÑ µ¿±â°¡ µÇ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â´Â °©ÀÚ±â ÆÄ±«µÇ°Å³ª Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¼­´Â °áÄÚ ¾È µÇ´Âµ¥; ±×°ÍÀº ³ªÅÂÇÑ ÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ´Ù¸¥ ¸éÀ¸·Î ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù. ¾î·µç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »çȸÀû ÀÚ±ØÁ¦°¡ ±× ¸ñÀû¿¡ À־ ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª À̱âÀûÀÎ »óŰ¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

In economics, profit motivation is to service motivation what fear is to love in religion. But the profit motive must not be suddenly destroyed or removed; it keeps many otherwise slothful mortals hard at work. It is not necessary, however, that this social energy arouser be forever selfish in its objectives.

71:6.3

°æÁ¦ Ȱµ¿ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â µ¿±â´Â ¸ðµÎ ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̸ç, Áøº¸µÈ »çȸ °èÃþ¿¡¼­´Â ÀüÇô ¹«°¡Ä¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀº ¹®¸íÀÇ Ãʱ⠴ܰ迡 µÎ·ç Çʼö ºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °æÁ¦Àû ºÐÅõ¿Í »çȸÀû ºÀ»ç¦¡ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ÁöÇý¿Í Èï¹ÌÁøÁøÇÑ ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐ ±×¸®°í ¶Ù¾î³­ ¿µÀû ¼ºÃë¶ó´Â ÃÊ¿ùÀû Ãæµ¿µé¦¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÀͰú °ü°è¾ø´Â ³ôÀº À¯ÇüÀÇ µ¿±âµéÀ» ½º½º·Î °ß°íÇÏ°Ô ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§±îÁö ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.

The profit motive of economic activities is altogether base and wholly unworthy of an advanced order of society; nevertheless, it is an indispensable factor throughout the earlier phases of civilization. Profit motivation must not be taken away from men until they have firmly possessed themselves of superior types of nonprofit motives for economic striving and social serving -- the transcendent urges of superlative wisdom, intriguing brotherhood, and excellency of spiritual attainment.


7. ±³À°
 


7. EDUCATION

71:7.1

¿µ±¸ÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡´Â ¹®È­ À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁö°í, ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Áö¹èµÇ¸ç, ºÀ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ µ¿±â¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù. ±³À°ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº, ±â¼ú ½Àµæ, ÁöÇý Ãß±¸, ÀھƽźÐÀÇ ½ÇÇö, ±×¸®°í ¿µÀû °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ´Þ¼ºÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

The enduring state is founded on culture, dominated by ideals, and motivated by service. The purpose of education should be acquirement of skill, pursuit of wisdom, realization of selfhood, and attainment of spiritual values.

71:7.2

ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â, Æò»ý µ¿¾È ±³À°ÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°í, ¶§·Î´Â öÇÐÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÇ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Ãß±¸ ³»¿ëÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¬¹æÀÇ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀº, Àΰ£°ü°èÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ(ëòëù), °¡Ä¡ÀÇ °í°áÇÔ, »îÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥µé, ±×¸®°í Á¶È­¿ìÁÖÀÎ ¿î¸íÀÇ ¿µ±¤ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï, ÅëÂû·Â Çâ»óÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÁöÇý¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù.

In the ideal state, education continues throughout life, and philosophy sometime becomes the chief pursuit of its citizens. The citizens of such a commonwealth pursue wisdom as an enhancement of insight into the significance of human relations, the meanings of reality, the nobility of values, the goals of living, and the glories of cosmic destiny.

71:7.3

À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÎ µéÀº ÇϳªÀÇ »õ·Ó°íµµ ³ôÀº ¹®¸í»çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡½ÃÈ­µÈ ²ÞÀ» °¡Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±³À°Àº, ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÀÍÀ¸·Î-µ¿±â°¡ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â °æÁ¦Àû üÁ¦¸¦ °ÅÃÄ Áö³ª°¡¸é¼­ »õ·Î¿î °¡Ä¡ÀÇ Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î µµ¾àÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±³À°Àº ³Ê¹« ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¿±ÁÖÀÇ, ±º±¹ÁÖÀÇ, ÀÚ±â ¾Ó¾ç ±×¸®°í ¼º°ø Ãß±¸¿¡ ¸Å´Þ·Á ¿Ô´Ù; °á±¹¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ̰í, ÀÌ»óÀûÀ̰í, ÀھƸ¦-½ÇÇöÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Á¶È­¿ìÁÖ¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Urantians should get a vision of a new and higher cultural society. Education will jump to new levels of value with the passing of the purely profit-motivated system of economics. Education has too long been localistic, militaristic, ego exalting, and success seeking; it must eventually become world-wide, idealistic, self-realizing, and cosmic grasping.

71:7.4

ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î¼­ ±³À°Àº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¶Á¤±Ç¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª¼­ ¹ý·ü°¡µé°ú »ç¾÷°¡µéÀÇ Á¶Á¤À» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹¿¡´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµé°ú °úÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¼±»ýµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¸Àç, ÂüµÈ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀ̾î¾ß¸¸ Çϸç, °á±¹¿¡´Â ÁöÇý¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϴ öÇÐÀÌ ÁÖµÈ ±³À°Àû Ãß±¸ ºÐ¾ß°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Education recently passed from the control of the clergy to that of lawyers and businessmen. Eventually it must be given over to the philosophers and the scientists. Teachers must be free beings, real leaders, to the end that philosophy, the search for wisdom, may become the chief educational pursuit.

71:7.5

±³À°Àº »î¿¡ À־ÀÇ º»¾÷À̸ç; Æò»ý µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÊÀ¸·Î½á, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â Â÷¿øÀÇ ÇÊ»çÀÚÀû ÁöÇý¸¦ Àηù°¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ üÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù:

Education is the business of living; it must continue throughout a lifetime so that mankind may gradually experience the ascending levels of mortal wisdom, which are:

 

 1. 

»ç¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½Ä.

 2.

ÀǹÌÀÇ ½Çüȭ.

 3.

°¡Ä¡µéÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀνÄ.

 4.

ÀÏÀÇ °í°áÇÔ¦¡Àǹ«.

 5.

¸ñÀû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±âºÎ¿©¦¡µµ´ö¼º.

 6.

ºÀ»ç¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÔ¦¡¼º°Ý.

 7.

¿ìÁÖÀû ÅëÂû·Â¦¡¿µÀûÀÎ ÀνÄ.

1.

The knowledge of things.

2.

The realization of meanings.

3.

The appreciation of values.

4.

The nobility of work -- duty.

5.

The motivation of goals -- morality.

6.

The love of service -- character.

7.

Cosmic insight -- spiritual discernment.

71:7.6

±×·¸°Ô µÇ¸é, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ºÃë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸¶À½ ´Þ¼º, ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀ¸·Î »ó½ÂÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

And then, by means of these achievements, many will ascend to the mortal ultimate of mind attainment, God-consciousness.


8. ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º°Ý
 


8. THE CHARACTER OF STATEHOOD

71:8.1

¾î¶² Àΰ£ Á¤ºÎµçÁö À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Á¸ÁߵǴ Ư¡Àº, ÇàÁ¤°ú ÀÔ¹ý ±×¸®°í »ç¹ý ±â´ÉÀ̶ó´Â ¼¼ °¡Áö ¹üÀ§·Î ±¹°¡ üÁ¦°¡ ºÐÇҵǴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ´Â, ±â´É°ú ±ÇÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÐ¸® °èȹ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÅëÄ¡µÈ´Ù. È¿°úÀûÀÎ »çȸ ±ÔÀ² ¶Ç´Â ½Ã¹Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Å¼ºÇÑ °³³äÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϸé, ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇÏ·Á°í ¼±ÃâÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡ ÇüŰ¡, Áõ´ëµÇ´Â ÀÚ¾Æ-Á¶Á¤°ú Áõ°¡µÇ´Â »çȸÀû ºÀ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇâÇÏ¿© ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª Áøº¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °¡¿¡, ¹®Á¦ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÁöÀû ¿¹¸®ÇÔ, °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÁöÇý, »çȸÀû ¿µ¸®ÇÔ ±×¸®°í µµ´öÀû Á¤·Â(ïñÕô)Àº ±¹°¡½ÅºÐ ¾È¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ½Å½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.

The only sacred feature of any human government is the division of statehood into the three domains of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The universe is administered in accordance with such a plan of segregation of functions and authority. Aside from this divine concept of effective social regulation or civil government, it matters little what form of state a people may elect to have provided the citizenry is ever progressing toward the goal of augmented self-control and increased social service. The intellectual keenness, economic wisdom, social cleverness, and moral stamina of a people are all faithfully reflected in statehood.

71:8.2

±¹°¡ üÁ¦ÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ´Ü°èº° Áøº¸¸¦ ¼ö¹ÝÇÑ´Ù:

The evolution of statehood entails progress from level to level, as follows:

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1. ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿Í ÀÔ¹ýºÎ ±×¸®°í »ç¹ýºÎ¶ó´Â »ïÁßÀû Á¤ºÎÀÇ Ã¢¸³.

1. The creation of a threefold government of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

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2. »çȸÀû, Á¤Ä¡Àû, Á¾±³Àû Ȱµ¿µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯.

2. The freedom of social, political, and religious activities.

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3. ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¿Í Àΰ£ ¼Ó¹Ú öÆó.

3. The abolition of all forms of slavery and human bondage.

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4. ¼¼±Ý ¡¼ö¸¦ Á¶Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ´É·Â.

4. The ability of the citizenry to control the levying of taxes.

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5. º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ±³À° üÁ¦ ¼³¸³¦¡¿ä¶÷¿¡¼­ ¹«´ý±îÁö È®ÀåµÈ ÇнÀ.

5. The establishment of universal education -- learning extended from the cradle to the grave.

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6. Áö¹æ°ú ±¹°¡ Á¤ºÎ »çÀÌÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¶Àý.

6. The proper adjustment between local and national governments.

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7. °úÇÐ À°¼º°ú Áúº´ ÅðÄ¡.

7. The fostering of science and the conquest of disease.

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8. ¼ºÀû(àõîÜ)ÀÎ Æòµî¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤´çÇÑ Àνİú, »ê¾÷°ú Á¤ºÎ ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ Àü¹®È­µÈ ¾÷¹« ¹×, °¡Á¤°ú Çб³ ±×¸®°í ±³È¸¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³²ÀÚµé°ú ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ Çùµ¿Àû ±â´É ¹ßÈÖ.

8. The due recognition of sex equality and the co-ordinated functioning of men and women in the home, school, and church, with specialized service of women in industry and government.

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9. Èûµé¿© ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³ë¿¹ »óŰ¡ ±â°è ¹ß¸í°ú ±×¿¡ ¼ö¹ÝµÇ´Â ±â°è½Ã´ëÀÇ ½Â¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Á¦°ÅµÊ.

9. The elimination of toiling slavery by machine invention and the subsequent mastery of the machine age.

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10. Áö¹æ ¾ð¾îµéÀÇ Á¤º¹¦¡º¸ÆíÀû ¾ð¾îÀÇ ½Â¸®.

10. The conquest of dialects -- the triumph of a universal language.

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11. ÀüÀïÀÌ »ç¶óÁü¦¡±¹°¡µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ´ë·úÀû(ÓÞ×ÁîÜ) ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±¹°¡ÀûÀ̰í Á¾Á·ÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÆÇ°áÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´ø °ÍÀÌ, ´ë·úÀû ¹ýÁ¤µé¿¡¼­ ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°·¯³­ ÁöµµÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðÁýµÈ ÃÖ°í Ç༺ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Åë¼ÖµÊ. ´ë·úÀû ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº °­±ÇÀûÀ̰í; ¹ü¼¼°èÀû ¹ýÁ¤Àº Á¶¾ðÀû¦¡µµ´öÀû¦¡ÀÌ´Ù.

11. The ending of war -- international adjudication of national and racial differences by continental courts of nations presided over by a supreme planetary tribunal automatically recruited from the periodically retiring heads of the continental courts. The continental courts are authoritative; the world court is advisory -- moral.

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12. ÁöÇý Ãß±¸ÀÇ Àü(îï)¼¼°èÀû À¯ÇডöÇÐÀÌ Âù¹ÌµÊ. ±× Ç༺ÀÌ ºû°ú »ý¸í ¼Ó¿¡ Á¤ÂøµÇ´Â Ãʱ⠴ܰèµé¿¡ µé¾î°¡°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ°Ô µÉ, ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ÀÇ ÁøÈ­.

12. The world-wide vogue of the pursuit of wisdom -- the exaltation of philosophy. The evolution of a world religion, which will presage the entrance of the planet upon the earlier phases of settlement in light and life.

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À̰͵éÀº Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÇÊ¿äÁ¶°ÇµéÀ̸ç ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡ üÁ¦ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ´Ù. À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °í¾çµÈ ÀÌ»ó(×âßÌ)µéÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹®¸íÈ­µÈ ÀÎÁ¾µéÀÌ Åµ¿µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù¦¡Àηù´Â º¸´Ù ³ôÀº ÁøÈ­ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ÇàÁøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

These are the prerequisites of progressive government and the earmarks of ideal statehood. Urantia is far from the realization of these exalted ideals, but the civilized races have made a beginning -- mankind is on the march toward higher evolutionary destinies.

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[³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÈÄ¿øµÊ]

Sponsored by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.